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Prepare for release 2.2.0.
[spectrwm.git] / spectrwm.c
index a94e2cd..a6ef35f 100644 (file)
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@
 #include <util.h>
 #include <X11/cursorfont.h>
 #include <X11/extensions/Xrandr.h>
+#include <X11/Xcursor/Xcursor.h>
 #include <X11/Xft/Xft.h>
 #include <X11/Xlib-xcb.h>
 #include <xcb/xcb_atom.h>
@@ -250,10 +251,11 @@ u_int32_t         swm_debug = 0
 #define SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL       (2)
 
 #define SWM_CK_NONE            0
-#define SWM_CK_ALL             0x7
+#define SWM_CK_ALL             0xf
 #define SWM_CK_FOCUS           0x1
 #define SWM_CK_POINTER         0x2
 #define SWM_CK_FALLBACK                0x4
+#define SWM_CK_REGION          0x8
 
 #define SWM_CONF_DEFAULT       (0)
 #define SWM_CONF_KEYMAPPING    (1)
@@ -278,7 +280,6 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t   restart_wm = 0;
 xcb_timestamp_t                last_event_time = 0;
 int                    outputs = 0;
 int                    other_wm;
-int                    ss_enabled = 0;
 int                    xrandr_support;
 int                    xrandr_eventbase;
 unsigned int           numlockmask = 0;
@@ -347,16 +348,14 @@ double                    dialog_ratio = 0.6;
 
 char           *bar_argv[] = { NULL, NULL };
 int             bar_pipe[2];
-unsigned char   bar_ext[SWM_BAR_MAX];
+char            bar_ext[SWM_BAR_MAX];
+char            bar_ext_buf[SWM_BAR_MAX];
 char            bar_vertext[SWM_BAR_MAX];
 int             bar_version = 0;
-sig_atomic_t    bar_alarm = 0;
-int             bar_delay = 30;
 int             bar_enabled = 1;
 int             bar_border_width = 1;
 int             bar_at_bottom = 0;
-int             bar_extra = 1;
-int             bar_extra_running = 0;
+int             bar_extra = 0;
 int             bar_verbose = 1;
 int             bar_height = 0;
 int             bar_justify = SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_LEFT;
@@ -375,6 +374,8 @@ int          focus_default = SWM_STACK_TOP;
 int             spawn_position = SWM_STACK_TOP;
 int             disable_border = 0;
 int             border_width = 1;
+int             region_padding = 0;
+int             tile_gap = 0;
 int             verbose_layout = 0;
 time_t          time_started;
 pid_t           bar_pid;
@@ -385,6 +386,8 @@ int          bar_font_legacy = 1;
 char           *bar_fonts;
 XftColor        bar_font_color;
 struct passwd  *pwd;
+char           *startup_exception;
+unsigned int    nr_exceptions = 0;
 
 /* layout manager data */
 struct swm_geometry {
@@ -406,6 +409,7 @@ struct swm_bar {
 /* virtual "screens" */
 struct swm_region {
        TAILQ_ENTRY(swm_region) entry;
+       xcb_window_t            id;
        struct swm_geometry     g;
        struct workspace        *ws;    /* current workspace on this region */
        struct workspace        *ws_prior; /* prior workspace on this region */
@@ -493,6 +497,7 @@ struct workspace {
        int                     idx;            /* workspace index */
        char                    *name;          /* workspace name */
        int                     always_raise;   /* raise windows on focus */
+       int                     bar_enabled;    /* bar visibility */
        struct layout           *cur_layout;    /* current layout handlers */
        struct ws_win           *focus;         /* may be NULL */
        struct ws_win           *focus_prev;    /* may be NULL */
@@ -519,6 +524,7 @@ struct workspace {
 enum {
        SWM_S_COLOR_BAR,
        SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER,
+       SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS,
        SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT,
        SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS,
        SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS,
@@ -535,6 +541,7 @@ struct swm_screen {
        struct swm_region_list  orl;    /* list of old regions */
        xcb_window_t            root;
        struct workspace        ws[SWM_WS_MAX];
+       struct swm_region       *r_focus;
 
        /* colors */
        struct {
@@ -566,10 +573,12 @@ union arg {
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKINIT   (31)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP  (40)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN        (41)
-#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_UP  (42)
-#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_DOWN        (43)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP  (42)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN        (43)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL      (44)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL    (45)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP     (46)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN   (47)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKINC    (50)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKDEC    (51)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SS_ALL      (60)
@@ -586,6 +595,8 @@ union arg {
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_MOVEDOWN    (101)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_MOVELEFT    (102)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_MOVERIGHT   (103)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_BAR_TOGGLE  (110)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_BAR_TOGGLE_WS       (111)
        char                    **argv;
 };
 
@@ -601,6 +612,8 @@ struct quirk {
 #define SWM_Q_XTERM_FONTADJ    (1<<3)  /* adjust xterm fonts when resizing */
 #define SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN       (1<<4)  /* remove border */
 #define SWM_Q_FOCUSPREV                (1<<5)  /* focus on caller */
+#define SWM_Q_NOFOCUSONMAP     (1<<6)  /* Don't focus on window when mapped. */
+#define SWM_Q_FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE        (1<<7)  /* Only focus if single win of type. */
 };
 TAILQ_HEAD(quirk_list, quirk);
 struct quirk_list              quirks = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(quirks);
@@ -672,44 +685,279 @@ struct ewmh_hint {
     {"_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
 };
 
+/* Cursors */
+enum {
+       XC_FLEUR,
+       XC_LEFT_PTR,
+       XC_BOTTOM_LEFT_CORNER,
+       XC_BOTTOM_RIGHT_CORNER,
+       XC_SIZING,
+       XC_TOP_LEFT_CORNER,
+       XC_TOP_RIGHT_CORNER,
+       XC_MAX
+};
+
+struct cursors {
+       char            *name; /* Name used by Xcursor .*/
+       uint8_t         cf_char; /* cursorfont index. */
+       xcb_cursor_t    cid;
+} cursors[XC_MAX] =    {
+       {"fleur", XC_fleur, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+       {"left_ptr", XC_left_ptr, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+       {"bottom_left_corner", XC_bottom_left_corner, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+       {"bottom_right_corner", XC_bottom_right_corner, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+       {"sizing", XC_sizing, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+       {"top_left_corner", XC_top_left_corner, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+       {"top_right_corner", XC_top_right_corner, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
+};
+
+#define        SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL              0x1
+
+/* spawn */
+struct spawn_prog {
+       TAILQ_ENTRY(spawn_prog) entry;
+       char                    *name;
+       int                     argc;
+       char                    **argv;
+       int                     flags;
+};
+TAILQ_HEAD(spawn_list, spawn_prog);
+struct spawn_list              spawns = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(spawns);
+
+/* user/key callable function IDs */
+enum keyfuncid {
+       KF_BAR_TOGGLE,
+       KF_BAR_TOGGLE_WS,
+       KF_BUTTON2,
+       KF_CYCLE_LAYOUT,
+       KF_FLIP_LAYOUT,
+       KF_FLOAT_TOGGLE,
+       KF_FOCUS_MAIN,
+       KF_FOCUS_NEXT,
+       KF_FOCUS_PREV,
+       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,
+       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,
+       KF_ICONIFY,
+       KF_MASTER_SHRINK,
+       KF_MASTER_GROW,
+       KF_MASTER_ADD,
+       KF_MASTER_DEL,
+       KF_MOVE_DOWN,
+       KF_MOVE_LEFT,
+       KF_MOVE_RIGHT,
+       KF_MOVE_UP,
+       KF_MVRG_1,
+       KF_MVRG_2,
+       KF_MVRG_3,
+       KF_MVRG_4,
+       KF_MVRG_5,
+       KF_MVRG_6,
+       KF_MVRG_7,
+       KF_MVRG_8,
+       KF_MVRG_9,
+       KF_MVWS_1,
+       KF_MVWS_2,
+       KF_MVWS_3,
+       KF_MVWS_4,
+       KF_MVWS_5,
+       KF_MVWS_6,
+       KF_MVWS_7,
+       KF_MVWS_8,
+       KF_MVWS_9,
+       KF_MVWS_10,
+       KF_MVWS_11,
+       KF_MVWS_12,
+       KF_MVWS_13,
+       KF_MVWS_14,
+       KF_MVWS_15,
+       KF_MVWS_16,
+       KF_MVWS_17,
+       KF_MVWS_18,
+       KF_MVWS_19,
+       KF_MVWS_20,
+       KF_MVWS_21,
+       KF_MVWS_22,
+       KF_NAME_WORKSPACE,
+       KF_QUIT,
+       KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,
+       KF_RESTART,
+       KF_RG_1,
+       KF_RG_2,
+       KF_RG_3,
+       KF_RG_4,
+       KF_RG_5,
+       KF_RG_6,
+       KF_RG_7,
+       KF_RG_8,
+       KF_RG_9,
+       KF_RG_NEXT,
+       KF_RG_PREV,
+       KF_SCREEN_NEXT,
+       KF_SCREEN_PREV,
+       KF_SEARCH_WIN,
+       KF_SEARCH_WORKSPACE,
+       KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
+       KF_STACK_INC,
+       KF_STACK_DEC,
+       KF_STACK_RESET,
+       KF_SWAP_MAIN,
+       KF_SWAP_NEXT,
+       KF_SWAP_PREV,
+       KF_UNICONIFY,
+       KF_VERSION,
+       KF_WIDTH_GROW,
+       KF_WIDTH_SHRINK,
+       KF_WIND_DEL,
+       KF_WIND_KILL,
+       KF_WS_1,
+       KF_WS_2,
+       KF_WS_3,
+       KF_WS_4,
+       KF_WS_5,
+       KF_WS_6,
+       KF_WS_7,
+       KF_WS_8,
+       KF_WS_9,
+       KF_WS_10,
+       KF_WS_11,
+       KF_WS_12,
+       KF_WS_13,
+       KF_WS_14,
+       KF_WS_15,
+       KF_WS_16,
+       KF_WS_17,
+       KF_WS_18,
+       KF_WS_19,
+       KF_WS_20,
+       KF_WS_21,
+       KF_WS_22,
+       KF_WS_NEXT,
+       KF_WS_NEXT_ALL,
+       KF_WS_NEXT_MOVE,
+       KF_WS_PREV,
+       KF_WS_PREV_ALL,
+       KF_WS_PREV_MOVE,
+       KF_WS_PRIOR,
+       KF_DUMPWINS, /* MUST BE LAST */
+       KF_INVALID
+};
+
+struct key {
+        RB_ENTRY(key)           entry;
+        unsigned int            mod;
+        KeySym                  keysym;
+        enum keyfuncid          funcid;
+        char                    *spawn_name;
+};
+RB_HEAD(key_tree, key);
+
 /* function prototypes */
+void    adjust_font(struct ws_win *);
+void    bar_class_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_class_title_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_cleanup(struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_extra_setup(void);
+void    bar_extra_stop(void);
+int     bar_extra_update(void);
+void    bar_fmt(const char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
+void    bar_fmt_expand(char *, size_t);
+void    bar_draw(void);
+void    bar_print(struct swm_region *, const char *);
+void    bar_print_legacy(struct swm_region *, const char *);
+void    bar_replace(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
+void    bar_replace_pad(char *, int *, size_t);
+char   *bar_replace_seq(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t *, size_t);
+void    bar_setup(struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_title_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    bar_urgent(char *, size_t);
+void    bar_window_float(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_window_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void    bar_workspace_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
 void    buttonpress(xcb_button_press_event_t *);
 void    check_conn(void);
+void    clear_keys(void);
 void    clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *);
-int     conf_load(char *, int);
+void    client_msg(struct ws_win *, xcb_atom_t, xcb_timestamp_t);
+int     conf_load(const char *, int);
 void    configurenotify(xcb_configure_notify_event_t *);
 void    configurerequest(xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
+void    config_win(struct ws_win *, xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
 void    constrain_window(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *, int);
+int     count_win(struct workspace *, int);
+void    cursors_cleanup(void);
+void    cursors_load(void);
+void    custom_region(char *);
+void    cyclerg(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    cyclews(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    cycle_layout(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    destroynotify(xcb_destroy_notify_event_t *);
+void    dumpwins(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+int     enable_wm(void);
 void    enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *);
 void    event_drain(uint8_t);
 void    event_error(xcb_generic_error_t *);
 void    event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *);
-char   *expand_tilde(char *);
+void    ewmh_autoquirk(struct ws_win *);
+void    ewmh_get_win_state(struct ws_win *);
+int     ewmh_set_win_fullscreen(struct ws_win *, int);
+void    ewmh_update_actions(struct ws_win *);
+void    ewmh_update_win_state(struct ws_win *, xcb_atom_t, long);
+char   *expand_tilde(const char *);
 void    expose(xcb_expose_event_t *);
+void    fake_keypress(struct ws_win *, xcb_keysym_t, uint16_t);
+struct pid_e   *find_pid(pid_t);
+struct ws_win  *find_unmanaged_window(xcb_window_t);
 struct ws_win  *find_window(xcb_window_t);
+void    floating_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 int     floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *);
 void    focus(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    focus_flush(void);
-struct ws_win  *get_focus_magic(struct ws_win *);
-struct ws_win  *get_focus_prev(struct ws_win *);
-void    focus_win(struct ws_win *);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 void    focusin(xcb_focus_in_event_t *);
+void    focusout(xcb_focus_out_event_t *);
 #endif
+void    focus_flush(void);
+void    focus_region(struct swm_region *);
+void    focusrg(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    focus_win(struct ws_win *);
+void    fontset_init(void);
+void    free_window(struct ws_win *);
 xcb_atom_t get_atom_from_string(const char *);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 char   *get_atom_name(xcb_atom_t);
+#endif
+struct ws_win   *get_focus_magic(struct ws_win *);
+struct ws_win   *get_focus_prev(struct ws_win *);
+#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 char   *get_notify_detail_label(uint8_t);
 char   *get_notify_mode_label(uint8_t);
 #endif
 struct ws_win  *get_pointer_win(xcb_window_t);
 struct ws_win  *get_region_focus(struct swm_region *);
+int     get_region_index(struct swm_region *);
 xcb_screen_t   *get_screen(int);
+int     get_screen_count(void);
+#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
+char   *get_stack_mode_name(uint8_t);
+#endif
+int32_t         get_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *);
 char   *get_win_name(xcb_window_t);
+int     get_ws_idx(xcb_window_t);
 uint32_t getstate(xcb_window_t);
 void    grabbuttons(struct ws_win *);
+void    grabkeys(void);
+void    grab_windows(void);
+void    iconify(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+int     isxlfd(char *);
 void    keypress(xcb_key_press_event_t *);
+int     key_cmp(struct key *, struct key *);
+void    key_insert(unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid, const char *);
+struct key     *key_lookup(unsigned int, KeySym);
+void    key_remove(struct key *);
+void    key_replace(struct key *, unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid,
+            const char *);
+void    kill_bar_extra_atexit(void);
+void    kill_refs(struct ws_win *);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 void    leavenotify(xcb_leave_notify_event_t *);
 #endif
@@ -719,24 +967,156 @@ void      map_window(struct ws_win *);
 void    mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *);
 void    mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *);
 void    maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *);
+void    motionnotify(xcb_motion_notify_event_t *);
+void    move(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
+void    move_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+uint32_t name_to_pixel(int, const char *);
+void    name_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    new_region(struct swm_screen *, int, int, int, int);
+int     parsekeys(char *, unsigned int, unsigned int *, KeySym *);
+int     parsequirks(char *, unsigned long *);
 int     parse_rgb(const char *, uint16_t *, uint16_t *, uint16_t *);
+void    pressbutton(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    priorws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
+void    print_win_geom(xcb_window_t);
+#endif
 void    propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *);
-void    spawn_select(struct swm_region *, union arg *, char *, int *);
+void    quirk_insert(const char *, const char *, unsigned long);
+void    quirk_remove(struct quirk *);
+void    quirk_replace(struct quirk *, const char *, const char *,
+            unsigned long);
+void    quit(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    raise_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    resize(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
+void    resize_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    restart(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+struct swm_region      *root_to_region(xcb_window_t, int);
 void    screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *);
+void    scan_xrandr(int);
+void    search_do_resp(void);
+void    search_resp_name_workspace(const char *, size_t);
+void    search_resp_search_window(const char *);
+void    search_resp_search_workspace(const char *);
+void    search_resp_uniconify(const char *, size_t);
+void    search_win(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    search_win_cleanup(void);
+void    search_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    send_to_rg(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    send_to_ws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    set_region(struct swm_region *);
+int     setautorun(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfbinding(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfcolor(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfmodkey(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfquirk(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfregion(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfspawn(char *, char *, int);
+int     setconfvalue(char *, char *, int);
+void    setkeybinding(unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid, const char *);
+int     setkeymapping(char *, char *, int);
+int     setlayout(char *, char *, int);
+void    setquirk(const char *, const char *, unsigned long);
+void    setscreencolor(char *, int, int);
+void    setspawn(const char *, const char *, int);
+void    setup_ewmh(void);
+void    setup_globals(void);
+void    setup_keys(void);
+void    setup_quirks(void);
+void    setup_screens(void);
+void    setup_spawn(void);
+void    set_child_transient(struct ws_win *, xcb_window_t *);
+void    set_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *, int);
+void    set_win_state(struct ws_win *, uint16_t);
 void    shutdown_cleanup(void);
+void    sighdlr(int);
+void    socket_setnonblock(int);
+void    sort_windows(struct ws_win_list *);
+void    spawn(int, union arg *, int);
+void    spawn_custom(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *);
+int     spawn_expand(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, char ***);
+void    spawn_insert(const char *, const char *, int);
+void    spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *);
+void    spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *, const char *, const char *, int);
+void    spawn_select(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, int *);
+void    stack_config(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    stack_floater(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
+void    stack_master(struct workspace *, struct swm_geometry *, int, int);
 void    store_float_geom(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
+char   *strdupsafe(const char *);
+void    swapwin(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    switchws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    teardown_ewmh(void);
+void    unfocus_win(struct ws_win *);
+void    uniconify(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    unmanage_window(struct ws_win *);
 void    unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *);
-void    unfocus_win(struct ws_win *);
+void    unmap_all(void);
+void    unmap_window(struct ws_win *);
+void    updatenumlockmask(void);
+void    update_modkey(unsigned int);
 void    update_window(struct ws_win *);
+void    validate_spawns(void);
+int     validate_win(struct ws_win *);
+int     validate_ws(struct workspace *);
 /*void  visibilitynotify(xcb_visibility_notify_event_t *);*/
+void    version(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+pid_t   window_get_pid(xcb_window_t);
+void    wkill(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    workaround(void);
+void    xft_init(struct swm_region *);
+void    _add_startup_exception(const char *, va_list);
+void    add_startup_exception(const char *, ...);
+
+RB_PROTOTYPE(key_tree, key, entry, key_cmp);
+RB_GENERATE(key_tree, key, entry, key_cmp);
+struct key_tree                 keys;
+
+void
+cursors_load(void)
+{
+       xcb_font_t      cf = XCB_NONE;
+       int             i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(cursors); ++i) {
+               /* try to load Xcursor first. */
+               cursors[i].cid = XcursorLibraryLoadCursor(display,
+                   cursors[i].name);
+
+               /* fallback to cursorfont. */
+               if (cursors[i].cid == XCB_CURSOR_NONE) {
+                       if (cf == XCB_NONE) {
+                               cf = xcb_generate_id(conn);
+                               xcb_open_font(conn, cf, strlen("cursor"),
+                                   "cursor");
+                       }
+
+                       cursors[i].cid = xcb_generate_id(conn);
+                       xcb_create_glyph_cursor(conn, cursors[i].cid, cf, cf,
+                           cursors[i].cf_char, cursors[i].cf_char + 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                           0xffff, 0xffff, 0xffff);
+
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (cf != XCB_NONE)
+               xcb_close_font(conn, cf);
+}
+
+void
+cursors_cleanup(void)
+{
+       int     i;
+       for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(cursors); ++i)
+               xcb_free_cursor(conn, cursors[i].cid);
+}
 
 char *
-expand_tilde(char *s)
+expand_tilde(const char *s)
 {
        struct passwd           *ppwd;
-       int                     i, max;
+       int                     i;
+       long                    max;
        char                    *user;
        const char              *sc = s;
        char                    *result;
@@ -763,6 +1143,8 @@ expand_tilde(char *s)
        s = &s[i];
 
        ppwd = strlen(user) == 0 ? getpwuid(getuid()) : getpwnam(user);
+       free(user);
+
        if (ppwd == NULL)
                result = strdup(sc);
        else
@@ -809,6 +1191,40 @@ get_screen(int screen)
        return (NULL);
 }
 
+int
+get_screen_count(void)
+{
+       const xcb_setup_t       *r;
+
+       if ((r = xcb_get_setup(conn)) == NULL) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "get_screen_count: xcb_get_setup\n");
+               check_conn();
+       }
+
+       return xcb_setup_roots_length(r);
+}
+
+int
+get_region_index(struct swm_region *r)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *rr;
+       int                      ridx = 0;
+
+       if (r == NULL)
+               return -1;
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(rr, &r->s->rl, entry) {
+               if (rr == r)
+                       break;
+               ++ridx;
+       }
+
+       if (rr == NULL)
+               return -1;
+
+       return ridx;
+}
+
 void
 focus_flush(void)
 {
@@ -882,7 +1298,7 @@ setup_ewmh(void)
        for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(ewmh); i++)
                ewmh[i].atom = get_atom_from_string(ewmh[i].name);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                /* Support check window will be created by workaround(). */
 
@@ -906,7 +1322,7 @@ teardown_ewmh(void)
 
        sup_check = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK");
        sup_list = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTED");
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
 
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                /* Get the support check window and destroy it */
@@ -1255,7 +1671,7 @@ find_pid(pid_t pid)
 }
 
 uint32_t
-name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
+name_to_pixel(int sidx, const char *colorname)
 {
        uint32_t                        result = 0;
        char                            cname[32] = "#";
@@ -1265,7 +1681,7 @@ name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
        xcb_alloc_named_color_reply_t   *nr;
        uint16_t                        rr, gg, bb;
 
-       screen = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(xcb_get_setup(conn)).data;
+       screen = get_screen(sidx);
        cmap = screen->default_colormap;
 
        /* color is in format rgb://rr/gg/bb */
@@ -1307,15 +1723,15 @@ setscreencolor(char *val, int i, int c)
 {
        int     num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (i > 0 && i <= num_screens) {
-               screens[i - 1].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(val);
+               screens[i - 1].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(i - 1, val);
                free(screens[i - 1].c[c].name);
                if ((screens[i - 1].c[c].name = strdup(val)) == NULL)
                        err(1, "strdup");
        } else if (i == -1) {
                for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
-                       screens[i].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(val);
+                       screens[i].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(0, val);
                        free(screens[i].c[c].name);
                        if ((screens[i].c[c].name = strdup(val)) == NULL)
                                err(1, "strdup");
@@ -1358,7 +1774,7 @@ custom_region(char *val)
        int                             sidx, num_screens;
        xcb_screen_t                    *screen;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (sscanf(val, "screen[%d]:%ux%u+%u+%u", &sidx, &w, &h, &x, &y) != 5)
                errx(1, "invalid custom region, "
                    "should be 'screen[<n>]:<n>x<n>+<n>+<n>");
@@ -1517,7 +1933,7 @@ bar_extra_stop(void)
                kill(bar_pid, SIGTERM);
                bar_pid = 0;
        }
-       strlcpy((char *)bar_ext, "", sizeof bar_ext);
+       strlcpy(bar_ext, "", sizeof bar_ext);
        bar_extra = 0;
 }
 
@@ -1586,7 +2002,7 @@ bar_urgent(char *s, size_t sz)
        for (i = 0; i < workspace_limit; i++)
                urgent[i] = 0;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry) {
@@ -1824,8 +2240,9 @@ bar_fmt_expand(char *fmtexp, size_t sz)
 #endif
 }
 
+/* Redraws the bar; need to follow with xcb_flush() or focus_flush(). */
 void
-bar_fmt_print(void)
+bar_draw(void)
 {
        char                    fmtexp[SWM_BAR_MAX], fmtnew[SWM_BAR_MAX];
        char                    fmtrep[SWM_BAR_MAX];
@@ -1835,13 +2252,28 @@ bar_fmt_print(void)
        /* expand the format by first passing it through strftime(3) */
        bar_fmt_expand(fmtexp, sizeof fmtexp);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
                        if (r->bar == NULL)
                                continue;
-                       bar_fmt(fmtexp, fmtnew, r, sizeof fmtnew);
-                       bar_replace(fmtnew, fmtrep, r, sizeof fmtrep);
+
+                       if (bar_enabled && r->ws->bar_enabled)
+                               xcb_map_window(conn, r->bar->id);
+                       else {
+                               xcb_unmap_window(conn, r->bar->id);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+
+                       if (startup_exception)
+                               snprintf(fmtrep, sizeof fmtrep, "total "
+                                   "exceptions: %d, first exception: %s",
+                                   nr_exceptions,
+                                   startup_exception);
+                       else {
+                               bar_fmt(fmtexp, fmtnew, r, sizeof fmtnew);
+                               bar_replace(fmtnew, fmtrep, r, sizeof fmtrep);
+                       }
                        if (bar_font_legacy)
                                bar_print_legacy(r, fmtrep);
                        else
@@ -1850,39 +2282,52 @@ bar_fmt_print(void)
        }
 }
 
-void
-bar_update(void)
+/*
+ * Reads external script output; call when stdin is readable.
+ * Returns 1 if bar_ext was updated; otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
+bar_extra_update(void)
 {
-       size_t                  len;
-       char                    *b;
+       size_t          len;
+       char            b[SWM_BAR_MAX];
+       int             changed = 0;
 
-       if (!bar_enabled)
-               return;
-       if (bar_extra && bar_extra_running) {
-               /* ignore short reads; it'll correct itself */
-               while ((b = fgetln(stdin, &len)) != NULL)
-                       if (b && b[len - 1] == '\n') {
-                               b[len - 1] = '\0';
-                               strlcpy((char *)bar_ext, b, sizeof bar_ext);
+       if (!bar_extra)
+               return changed;
+
+       while (fgets(b, sizeof(b), stdin) != NULL) {
+               if (bar_enabled) {
+                       len = strlen(b);
+                       if (b[len - 1] == '\n') {
+                               /* Remove newline. */
+                               b[--len] = '\0';
+
+                               /* "Clear" bar_ext. */
+                               bar_ext[0] = '\0';
+
+                               /* Flush buffered output. */
+                               strlcpy(bar_ext, bar_ext_buf, sizeof(bar_ext));
+                               bar_ext_buf[0] = '\0';
+
+                               /* Append new output to bar. */
+                               strlcat(bar_ext, b, sizeof(bar_ext));
+
+                               changed = 1;
+                       } else {
+                               /* Buffer output. */
+                               strlcat(bar_ext_buf, b, sizeof(bar_ext_buf));
                        }
-               if (b == NULL && errno != EAGAIN) {
-                       warn("bar_update: bar_extra failed");
-                       bar_extra_stop();
                }
-       } else
-               strlcpy((char *)bar_ext, "", sizeof bar_ext);
-
-       bar_fmt_print();
-       alarm(bar_delay);
-}
+       }
 
-void
-bar_signal(int sig)
-{
-       /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
-       (void)sig;
+       if (errno != EAGAIN) {
+               warn("bar_action failed");
+               bar_extra_stop();
+               changed = 1;
+       }
 
-       bar_alarm = 1;
+       return changed;
 }
 
 void
@@ -1897,48 +2342,58 @@ bar_toggle(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_BAR, "bar_toggle\n");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
-       if (bar_enabled) {
-               for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
-                       TAILQ_FOREACH(tmpr, &screens[i].rl, entry)
-                               if (tmpr->bar)
-                                       xcb_unmap_window(conn, tmpr->bar->id);
-       } else {
-               for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
-                       TAILQ_FOREACH(tmpr, &screens[i].rl, entry)
-                               if (tmpr->bar)
-                                       xcb_map_window(conn, tmpr->bar->id);
+       switch (args->id) {
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_BAR_TOGGLE_WS:
+               /* Only change if master switch is enabled. */
+               if (bar_enabled)
+                       r->ws->bar_enabled = !r->ws->bar_enabled;
+               else
+                       bar_enabled = r->ws->bar_enabled = 1;
+               break;
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_BAR_TOGGLE:
+               bar_enabled = !bar_enabled;
+               break;
        }
 
-       bar_enabled = !bar_enabled;
+       /* update bars as necessary */
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(tmpr, &screens[i].rl, entry)
+                       if (tmpr->bar) {
+                               if (bar_enabled && tmpr->ws->bar_enabled)
+                                       xcb_map_window(conn, tmpr->bar->id);
+                               else
+                                       xcb_unmap_window(conn, tmpr->bar->id);
+                       }
 
        stack();
 
        /* must be after stack */
-       bar_update();
+       bar_draw();
 
        focus_flush();
 }
 
 void
-bar_refresh(void)
+bar_extra_setup(void)
 {
-       struct swm_region       *r;
-       uint32_t                wa[2];
-       int                     i, num_screens;
-
        /* do this here because the conf file is in memory */
-       if (bar_extra && !bar_extra_running && bar_argv[0]) {
+       if (!bar_extra && bar_argv[0]) {
                /* launch external status app */
-               bar_extra_running = 1;
+               bar_extra = 1;
                if (pipe(bar_pipe) == -1)
                        err(1, "pipe error");
                socket_setnonblock(bar_pipe[0]);
                socket_setnonblock(bar_pipe[1]); /* XXX hmmm, really? */
-               if (dup2(bar_pipe[0], 0) == -1)
+
+               /* Set stdin to read from the pipe. */
+               if (dup2(bar_pipe[0], STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
-               if (dup2(bar_pipe[1], 1) == -1)
+
+               /* Set stdout to write to the pipe. */
+               if (dup2(bar_pipe[1], STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
+
                if (signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN) == SIG_ERR)
                        err(1, "could not disable SIGPIPE");
                switch (bar_pid = fork()) {
@@ -1954,19 +2409,16 @@ bar_refresh(void)
                        close(bar_pipe[1]);
                        break;
                }
+
+               atexit(kill_bar_extra_atexit);
        }
+}
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
-       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
-               TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
-                       if (r->bar == NULL)
-                               continue;
-                       wa[0] = screens[i].c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR].pixel;
-                       wa[1] = screens[i].c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].pixel;
-                       xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, r->bar->id,
-                           XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL, wa);
-               }
-       bar_update();
+void
+kill_bar_extra_atexit(void)
+{
+       if (bar_pid)
+               kill(bar_pid, SIGTERM);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1983,7 +2435,7 @@ isxlfd(char *s)
 }
 
 void
-fontset_init()
+fontset_init(void)
 {
        char                    *default_string;
        char                    **missing_charsets;
@@ -2070,7 +2522,7 @@ xft_init(struct swm_region *r)
 
        if (!XftColorAllocValue(display, DefaultVisual(display, r->s->idx),
            DefaultColormap(display, r->s->idx), &color, &bar_font_color))
-               warn("unable to allocate Xft color");
+               warn("Xft error: unable to allocate color.");
 
        bar_height = bar_font->height + 2 * bar_border_width;
 
@@ -2106,10 +2558,12 @@ bar_setup(struct swm_region *r)
        WIDTH(r->bar) = WIDTH(r) - 2 * bar_border_width;
        HEIGHT(r->bar) = bar_height - 2 * bar_border_width;
 
+       /* Assume region is unfocused when we create the bar. */
        r->bar->id = xcb_generate_id(conn);
        wa[0] = r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR].pixel;
-       wa[1] = r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].pixel;
-       wa[2] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE;
+       wa[1] = r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS].pixel;
+       wa[2] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION |
+           XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT;
 
        xcb_create_window(conn, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, r->bar->id, r->s->root,
            X(r->bar), Y(r->bar), WIDTH(r->bar), HEIGHT(r->bar),
@@ -2132,9 +2586,7 @@ bar_setup(struct swm_region *r)
            "%d x %d\n", WINID(r->bar), X(r->bar), Y(r->bar), WIDTH(r->bar),
            HEIGHT(r->bar));
 
-       if (signal(SIGALRM, bar_signal) == SIG_ERR)
-               err(1, "could not install bar_signal");
-       bar_refresh();
+       bar_extra_setup();
 }
 
 void
@@ -2197,8 +2649,8 @@ version(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                    "Version: %s Build: %s", SPECTRWM_VERSION, buildstr);
        else
                strlcpy(bar_vertext, "", sizeof bar_vertext);
-       bar_update();
 
+       bar_draw();
        xcb_flush(conn);
 }
 
@@ -2389,7 +2841,7 @@ unmap_all(void)
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry)
@@ -2467,6 +2919,7 @@ get_pointer_win(xcb_window_t root)
                } else {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "get_pointer_win: none.\n");
                }
+               free(r);
        }
 
        return win;
@@ -2483,12 +2936,15 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: window: 0x%x\n", root);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == root)
                        break;
 
-       if (check & SWM_CK_FOCUS) {
+       if (check & SWM_CK_REGION)
+               r = screens[i].r_focus;
+
+       if (r == NULL && check & SWM_CK_FOCUS) {
                /* Try to find an actively focused window */
                gifr = xcb_get_input_focus_reply(conn,
                    xcb_get_input_focus(conn), NULL);
@@ -2523,6 +2979,8 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
        if (r == NULL && check & SWM_CK_FALLBACK)
                r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: idx: %d\n", get_region_index(r));
+
        return (r);
 }
 
@@ -2532,7 +2990,7 @@ find_unmanaged_window(xcb_window_t id)
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].unmanagedlist,
@@ -2549,7 +3007,7 @@ find_window(xcb_window_t id)
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
        xcb_query_tree_reply_t  *r;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry)
@@ -2644,7 +3102,7 @@ kill_refs(struct ws_win *win)
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -2667,7 +3125,7 @@ validate_win(struct ws_win *testwin)
        if (testwin == NULL)
                return (0);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -2687,7 +3145,7 @@ validate_ws(struct workspace *testws)
        int                     i, x, num_screens;
 
        /* validate all ws */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -2737,6 +3195,7 @@ unfocus_win(struct ws_win *win)
                kill_refs(win->ws->focus);
                win->ws->focus = NULL;
        }
+
        if (validate_win(win->ws->focus_prev)) {
                kill_refs(win->ws->focus_prev);
                win->ws->focus_prev = NULL;
@@ -2754,7 +3213,8 @@ unfocus_win(struct ws_win *win)
 void
 focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       struct ws_win                   *cfw = NULL;
+       struct ws_win                   *cfw = NULL, *parent = NULL, *w;
+       struct workspace                *ws;
        xcb_get_input_focus_reply_t     *r;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focus_win: window: 0x%x\n", WINID(win));
@@ -2765,7 +3225,12 @@ focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
        if (win->ws == NULL)
                goto out;
 
-       if (validate_ws(win->ws))
+       if (!win->mapped)
+               goto out;
+
+       ws = win->ws;
+
+       if (validate_ws(ws))
                goto out;
 
        if (validate_win(win)) {
@@ -2781,13 +3246,24 @@ focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
                free(r);
        }
 
-       if (win->ws->focus != win) {
-               if (win->ws->focus && win->ws->focus != cfw)
-                       unfocus_win(win->ws->focus);
-               win->ws->focus = win;
+       if (ws->focus != win) {
+               if (ws->focus && ws->focus != cfw)
+                       unfocus_win(ws->focus);
+               ws->focus = win;
+       }
+
+       /* If this window directs focus to a child window, then clear. */
+       if (win->focus_child)
+               win->focus_child = NULL;
+
+       /* If transient, adjust parent's focus child for focus_magic. */
+       if (win->transient) {
+               parent = find_window(win->transient);
+               if (parent && parent->focus_child != win)
+                       parent->focus_child = win;
        }
 
-       if (cfw != win && win->ws->r != NULL) {
+       if (cfw != win && ws->r != NULL) {
                /* Set input focus if no input hint, or indicated by hint. */
                if (!(win->hints.flags & XCB_ICCCM_WM_HINT_INPUT) ||
                    (win->hints.flags & XCB_ICCCM_WM_HINT_INPUT &&
@@ -2799,26 +3275,46 @@ focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
                if (win->take_focus) {
                        /* java is special; always tell parent */
                        if (win->transient && win->java)
-                               client_msg(find_window(win->transient),
-                                   a_takefocus, last_event_time);
+                               client_msg(parent, a_takefocus,
+                                   last_event_time);
                        else
                                client_msg(win, a_takefocus, last_event_time);
                }
 
                xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, win->id, XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL,
-                   &win->ws->r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS].pixel);
+                   &ws->r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS].pixel);
+
+               if (ws->cur_layout->flags & SWM_L_MAPONFOCUS ||
+                   ws->always_raise) {
+                       /* If a parent exists, map it first. */
+                       if (parent) {
+                               map_window(parent);
+
+                               /* Map siblings next. */
+                               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
+                                       if (w != win && !w->iconic &&
+                                           w->transient == parent->id)
+                                               map_window(w);
+                       }
 
-               if (win->ws->cur_layout->flags & SWM_L_MAPONFOCUS ||
-                   win->ws->always_raise)
+                       /* Map focused window. */
                        map_window(win);
 
+                       /* Finally, map children of focus window. */
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
+                               if (w->transient == win->id && !w->iconic)
+                                       map_window(w);
+               }
+
+               set_region(ws->r);
+
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win->s->root,
                    ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom, XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 32, 1,
                    &win->id);
        }
 
 out:
-       bar_update();
+       bar_draw();
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focus_win: done.\n");
 }
@@ -2873,18 +3369,72 @@ event_drain(uint8_t rt)
 }
 
 void
-switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+set_region(struct swm_region *r)
 {
-       int                     wsid = args->id, unmap_old = 0;
-       struct swm_region       *this_r, *other_r;
-       struct ws_win           *win;
-       struct workspace        *new_ws, *old_ws;
+       struct swm_region       *rf;
 
-       if (!(r && r->s))
+       if (r == NULL)
                return;
 
-       if (wsid >= workspace_limit)
-               return;
+       rf = r->s->r_focus;
+       /* Unfocus old region bar. */
+       if (rf) {
+               if (rf == r)
+                       return;
+
+               xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, rf->bar->id,
+                   XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL,
+                   &r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS].pixel);
+       }
+
+       /* Set region bar border to focus_color. */
+       xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, r->bar->id,
+           XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL, &r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].pixel);
+
+       r->s->r_focus = r;
+}
+
+void
+focus_region(struct swm_region *r)
+{
+       struct ws_win           *nfw;
+       struct swm_region       *old_r;
+
+       if (r == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       old_r = r->s->r_focus;
+       set_region(r);
+
+       nfw = get_region_focus(r);
+       if (nfw) {
+               focus_win(nfw);
+       } else {
+               /* New region is empty; need to manually unfocus win. */
+               if (old_r)
+                       unfocus_win(old_r->ws->focus);
+
+               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+
+               /* Clear bar since empty. */
+               bar_draw();
+       }
+}
+
+void
+switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+{
+       int                     wsid = args->id, unmap_old = 0;
+       struct swm_region       *this_r, *other_r;
+       struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct workspace        *new_ws, *old_ws;
+
+       if (!(r && r->s))
+               return;
+
+       if (wsid >= workspace_limit)
+               return;
 
        this_r = r;
        old_ws = this_r->ws;
@@ -2915,6 +3465,10 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        this_r->ws = new_ws;
        new_ws->r = this_r;
 
+       /* Set focus_pending before stacking. */
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+               new_ws->focus_pending = get_region_focus(new_ws->r);
+
        stack();
 
        /* unmap old windows */
@@ -2922,25 +3476,20 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &old_ws->winlist, entry)
                        unmap_window(win);
 
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-               new_ws->focus_pending = get_region_focus(new_ws->r);
-
-               /* if workspaces were swapped, then don't wait to set focus */
-               if (old_ws->r) {
-                       if (new_ws->focus_pending) {
-                               focus_win(new_ws->focus_pending);
-                       } else {
-                               /* Empty region, focus on root. */
-                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
-                                   new_ws->r->s[new_ws->r->s->idx].root,
-                                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
-                       }
+       /* if workspaces were swapped, then don't wait to set focus */
+       if (old_ws->r && focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+               if (new_ws->focus_pending) {
+                       focus_win(new_ws->focus_pending);
+                       new_ws->focus_pending = NULL;
                }
        }
 
-       /* Clear bar if new ws is empty. */
-       if (new_ws->focus_pending == NULL)
-               bar_update();
+       /* Clear bar and set focus on region input win if new ws is empty. */
+       if (new_ws->focus_pending == NULL && new_ws->focus == NULL) {
+               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+               bar_draw();
+       }
 
        focus_flush();
 
@@ -2953,30 +3502,32 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        union                   arg a;
        struct swm_screen       *s = r->s;
        int                     cycle_all = 0;
+       int                     move = 0;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_WS, "cyclews: id: %d, screen[%d]:%dx%d+%d+%d, ws: %d\n",
            args->id, r->s->idx, WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), X(r), Y(r), r->ws->idx);
 
        a.id = r->ws->idx;
+
        do {
                switch (args->id) {
+               case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP:
+                       move = 1;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL:
                        cycle_all = 1;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP:
-                       if (a.id < workspace_limit - 1)
-                               a.id++;
-                       else
-                               a.id = 0;
+                       a.id = (a.id < workspace_limit - 1) ? a.id + 1 : 0;
                        break;
+               case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN:
+                       move = 1;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL:
                        cycle_all = 1;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN:
-                       if (a.id > 0)
-                               a.id--;
-                       else
-                               a.id = workspace_limit - 1;
+                       a.id = (a.id > 0) ? a.id - 1 : workspace_limit - 1;
                        break;
                default:
                        return;
@@ -2988,6 +3539,9 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                if (!cycle_visible && s->ws[a.id].r != NULL)
                        continue;
 
+               if (move)
+                       send_to_ws(r, &a);
+
                switchws(r, &a);
        } while (a.id != r->ws->idx);
 }
@@ -3010,25 +3564,48 @@ priorws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-cyclescr(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+focusrg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+{
+       int                     ridx = args->id, i, num_screens;
+       struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
+
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
+       if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
+               return;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focusrg: id: %d\n", ridx);
+
+       rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->rl);
+       for (i = 0; i < ridx; ++i)
+               rr = TAILQ_NEXT(rr, entry);
+
+       if (rr == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       focus_region(rr);
+       focus_flush();
+}
+
+void
+cyclerg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       struct ws_win           *nfw;
        struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
        int                     i, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
        if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
                return;
 
        i = r->s->idx;
        switch (args->id) {
-       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_UP:
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP:
                rr = TAILQ_NEXT(r, entry);
                if (rr == NULL)
                        rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
                break;
-       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_DOWN:
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN:
                rr = TAILQ_PREV(r, swm_region_list, entry);
                if (rr == NULL)
                        rr = TAILQ_LAST(&screens[i].rl, swm_region_list);
@@ -3039,19 +3616,7 @@ cyclescr(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        if (rr == NULL)
                return;
 
-       nfw = get_region_focus(rr);
-       if (nfw) {
-               focus_win(nfw);
-       } else {
-               /* New region is empty; unfocus old region and warp pointer. */
-               unfocus_win(r->ws->focus);
-               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
-                               rr->s[i].root, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
-
-               /* Clear bar since empty. */
-               bar_update();
-       }
-
+       focus_region(rr);
        focus_flush();
 }
 
@@ -3201,37 +3766,70 @@ get_focus_prev(struct ws_win *win)
        if (winfocus == NULL || winfocus == win) {
                switch (focus_close) {
                case SWM_STACK_BOTTOM:
-                       winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(winfocus, wl, entry)
+                               if (!winfocus->iconic && winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                       break;
                        break;
                case SWM_STACK_TOP:
-                       winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(winfocus, wl, ws_win_list, entry)
+                               if (!winfocus->iconic && winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                       break;
                        break;
                case SWM_STACK_ABOVE:
-                       if ((winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry)) == NULL) {
-                               if (focus_close_wrap)
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
-                               else
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(cur_focus,
-                                           ws_win_list, entry);
+                       winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry);
+                       while (winfocus && winfocus->iconic)
+                               winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(winfocus, entry);
+
+                       if (winfocus == NULL) {
+                               if (focus_close_wrap) {
+                                       TAILQ_FOREACH(winfocus, wl, entry)
+                                               if (!winfocus->iconic &&
+                                                   winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                                       break;
+                               } else {
+                                       TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(winfocus, wl,
+                                           ws_win_list, entry)
+                                               if (!winfocus->iconic &&
+                                                   winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                                       break;
+                               }
                        }
                        break;
                case SWM_STACK_BELOW:
-                       if ((winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(cur_focus, ws_win_list,
-                           entry)) == NULL) {
-                               if (focus_close_wrap)
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-                               else
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry);
+                       winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(cur_focus, ws_win_list, entry);
+                       while (winfocus && winfocus->iconic)
+                               winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list,
+                                   entry);
+
+                       if (winfocus == NULL) {
+                               if (focus_close_wrap) {
+                                       TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(winfocus, wl,
+                                           ws_win_list, entry)
+                                               if (!winfocus->iconic &&
+                                                   winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                                       break;
+                               } else {
+                                       TAILQ_FOREACH(winfocus, wl, entry)
+                                               if (!winfocus->iconic &&
+                                                   winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                                       break;
+                               }
                        }
                        break;
                }
        }
 done:
-       if (winfocus == NULL) {
-               if (focus_default == SWM_STACK_TOP)
-                       winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-               else
-                       winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
+       if (winfocus == NULL ||
+           (winfocus && (winfocus->iconic || winfocus == cur_focus))) {
+               if (focus_default == SWM_STACK_TOP) {
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(winfocus, wl, ws_win_list, entry)
+                               if (!winfocus->iconic && winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                       break;
+               } else {
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(winfocus, wl, entry)
+                               if (!winfocus->iconic && winfocus != cur_focus)
+                                       break;
+               }
        }
 
        kill_refs(win);
@@ -3344,7 +3942,7 @@ focus(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 
        focus_win(get_focus_magic(winfocus));
 
-       xcb_flush(conn);
+       focus_flush();
 }
 
 void
@@ -3362,7 +3960,7 @@ cycle_layout(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                ws->cur_layout = &layouts[0];
 
        stack();
-       bar_update();
+       bar_draw();
 
        focus_win(get_region_focus(r));
 
@@ -3382,7 +3980,7 @@ stack_config(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 
        if (args->id != SWM_ARG_ID_STACKINIT)
                stack();
-       bar_update();
+       bar_draw();
 
        focus_flush();
 }
@@ -3398,7 +3996,7 @@ stack(void) {
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "stack: begin\n");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
                j = 0;
@@ -3407,11 +4005,13 @@ stack(void) {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "stack: workspace: %d "
                            "(screen: %d, region: %d)\n", r->ws->idx, i, j++);
 
-                       /* start with screen geometry, adjust for bar */
+                       /* Adjust stack area for region bar and padding. */
                        g = r->g;
-                       g.w -= 2 * border_width;
-                       g.h -= 2 * border_width;
-                       if (bar_enabled) {
+                       g.x += region_padding;
+                       g.y += region_padding;
+                       g.w -= 2 * border_width + 2 * region_padding;
+                       g.h -= 2 * border_width + 2 * region_padding;
+                       if (bar_enabled && r->ws->bar_enabled) {
                                if (!bar_at_bottom)
                                        g.y += bar_height;
                                g.h -= bar_height;
@@ -3646,9 +4246,7 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
        /*  stack all the tiled windows */
        i = j = 0, s = stacks;
        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &ws->winlist, entry) {
-               if (win->transient || win->floating)
-                       continue;
-               if (win->iconic)
+               if (win->transient || win->floating || win->iconic)
                        continue;
 
                if (win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN) {
@@ -3666,16 +4264,20 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        if (flip)
                                win_g.x = r_g.x;
                        else
-                               win_g.x += win_g.w + 2 * border_width;
+                               win_g.x += win_g.w + 2 * border_width +
+                                   tile_gap;
                        win_g.w = (r_g.w - msize -
-                           (stacks * 2 * border_width)) / stacks;
+                           (stacks * (2 * border_width + tile_gap))) / stacks;
                        if (s == 1)
                                win_g.w += (r_g.w - msize -
-                                   (stacks * 2 * border_width)) % stacks;
+                                   (stacks * (2 * border_width + tile_gap))) %
+                                   stacks;
                        s--;
                        j = 0;
                }
-               win_g.h = hrh - 2 * border_width;
+
+               win_g.h = hrh - 2 * border_width - tile_gap;
+
                if (rot) {
                        h_inc = win->sh.width_inc;
                        h_base = win->sh.base_width;
@@ -3683,6 +4285,7 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        h_inc = win->sh.height_inc;
                        h_base = win->sh.base_height;
                }
+
                if (j == colno - 1) {
                        win_g.h = hrh + extra;
                } else if (h_inc > 1 && h_inc < h_slice) {
@@ -3702,15 +4305,17 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                if (j == 0)
                        win_g.y = r_g.y;
                else
-                       win_g.y += last_h + 2 * border_width;
+                       win_g.y += last_h + 2 * border_width + tile_gap;
 
-               if (disable_border && !bar_enabled && winno == 1){
+               if (disable_border && !(bar_enabled && ws->bar_enabled) &&
+                   winno == 1){
                        bordered = 0;
                        win_g.w += 2 * border_width;
                        win_g.h += 2 * border_width;
                } else {
                        bordered = 1;
                }
+
                if (rot) {
                        if (X(win) != win_g.y || Y(win) != win_g.x ||
                            WIDTH(win) != win_g.h || HEIGHT(win) != win_g.w) {
@@ -3764,6 +4369,7 @@ notiles:
                map_window(win);
        }
 
+       /* Make sure fs_win is stacked last so it's on top. */
        if (fs_win) {
                stack_floater(fs_win, ws->r);
                map_window(fs_win);
@@ -3876,8 +4482,8 @@ void
 max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
 {
        struct swm_geometry     gg = *g;
-       struct ws_win           *win, *wintrans = NULL, *parent = NULL;
-       int                     winno, num_screens;
+       struct ws_win           *w, *win = NULL, *parent = NULL;
+       int                     winno;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "max_stack: workspace: %d\n", ws->idx);
 
@@ -3888,50 +4494,102 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
        if (winno == 0 && count_win(ws, 1) == 0)
                return;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &ws->winlist, entry) {
-               if (win->transient) {
-                       wintrans = win;
-                       parent = find_window(win->transient);
+       /* Figure out which top level window should be visible. */
+       if (ws->focus_pending)
+               win = ws->focus_pending;
+       else if (ws->focus)
+               win = ws->focus;
+       else if (ws->focus_prev)
+               win = ws->focus_prev;
+       else
+               win = TAILQ_FIRST(&ws->winlist);
+
+       if (win->transient)
+               parent = find_window(win->transient);
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "max_stack: win: 0x%x\n", win->id);
+
+       /* maximize all top level windows */
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry) {
+               if (w->transient || w->iconic)
                        continue;
-               }
 
-               if (win->floating && !win->floatmaxed ) {
+               if (!w->mapped && w != win)
+                       map_window(w);
+
+               if (w->floating && !w->floatmaxed) {
                        /*
                         * retain geometry for retrieval on exit from
                         * max_stack mode
                         */
-                       store_float_geom(win, ws->r);
-                       win->floatmaxed = 1;
+                       store_float_geom(w, ws->r);
+                       w->floatmaxed = 1;
                }
 
                /* only reconfigure if necessary */
-               if (X(win) != gg.x || Y(win) != gg.y || WIDTH(win) != gg.w ||
-                   HEIGHT(win) != gg.h) {
-                       win->g = gg;
-                       if (bar_enabled){
-                               win->bordered = 1;
+               if (X(w) != gg.x || Y(w) != gg.y || WIDTH(w) != gg.w ||
+                   HEIGHT(w) != gg.h) {
+                       w->g = gg;
+                       if (bar_enabled && ws->bar_enabled){
+                               w->bordered = 1;
                        } else {
-                               win->bordered = 0;
-                               WIDTH(win) += 2 * border_width;
-                               HEIGHT(win) += 2 * border_width;
+                               w->bordered = 0;
+                               WIDTH(w) += 2 * border_width;
+                               HEIGHT(w) += 2 * border_width;
                        }
 
-                       update_window(win);
+                       update_window(w);
                }
-               /* unmap only if we don't have multi screen */
-               if (win != ws->focus)
-                       if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
-                               unmap_window(win);
        }
 
-       /* put the last transient on top */
-       if (wintrans) {
-               if (parent)
-                       map_window(parent);
-               stack_floater(wintrans, ws->r);
-               ws->focus = get_focus_magic(wintrans);
+       /* If a parent exists, map/raise it first. */
+       if (parent) {
+               map_window(parent);
+
+               /* Map siblings next. */
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
+                       if (w != win && !w->iconic &&
+                           w->transient == parent->id) {
+                               stack_floater(w, ws->r);
+                               map_window(w);
+                       }
        }
+
+       /* Map/raise focused window. */
+       map_window(win);
+
+       /* Finally, map/raise children of focus window. */
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
+               if (w->transient == win->id && !w->iconic) {
+                       stack_floater(w, ws->r);
+                       map_window(w);
+               }
+}
+
+void
+send_to_rg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+{
+       int                     ridx = args->id, i, num_screens;
+       struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
+       union arg               a;
+
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
+       if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
+               return;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "send_to_rg: id: %d\n", ridx);
+
+       rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->rl);
+       for (i = 0; i < ridx; ++i)
+               rr = TAILQ_NEXT(rr, entry);
+
+       if (rr == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       a.id = rr->ws->idx;
+
+       send_to_ws(r, &a);
 }
 
 void
@@ -3977,11 +4635,10 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 
                                        unfocus_win(parent);
 
-                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                                pws->focus = pws->focus_pending;
-
-                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
                                                pws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       }
                                }
 
                                /* Don't unmap parent if new ws is visible */
@@ -4026,8 +4683,14 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                stack();
 
                if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
-                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                               focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                               ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                       } else {
+                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
+                                   XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+                       }
                }
 
                focus_flush();
@@ -4092,25 +4755,29 @@ get_win_name(xcb_window_t win)
            XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
        r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
 
-       if (!r || r->type == XCB_NONE) {
-               free(r);
-               /* Use WM_NAME instead; no UTF-8. */
-               c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME,
-                   XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
-               r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-
-               if(!r || r->type == XCB_NONE) {
+       if (r) {
+               if (r->type == XCB_NONE) {
                        free(r);
-                       return NULL;
+                       /* Use WM_NAME instead; no UTF-8. */
+                       c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME,
+                           XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
+                       r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
+
+                       if (!r)
+                               return (NULL);
+                       if (r->type == XCB_NONE) {
+                               free(r);
+                               return (NULL);
+                       }
                }
-       }
+               if (r->length > 0)
+                       name = strndup(xcb_get_property_value(r),
+                           xcb_get_property_value_length(r));
 
-       if (r->length > 0)
-               name = strndup(xcb_get_property_value(r),
-                   xcb_get_property_value_length(r));
+               free(r);
+       }
 
-       free(r);
-       return name;
+       return (name);
 }
 
 void
@@ -4335,7 +5002,7 @@ search_win(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_uniconify(char *resp, unsigned long len)
+search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, size_t len)
 {
        char                    *name;
        struct ws_win           *win;
@@ -4365,7 +5032,7 @@ search_resp_uniconify(char *resp, unsigned long len)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_name_workspace(char *resp, unsigned long len)
+search_resp_name_workspace(const char *resp, size_t len)
 {
        struct workspace        *ws;
 
@@ -4391,7 +5058,7 @@ search_resp_name_workspace(char *resp, unsigned long len)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_search_workspace(char *resp)
+search_resp_search_workspace(const char *resp)
 {
        char                    *p, *q;
        int                     ws_idx;
@@ -4422,7 +5089,7 @@ search_resp_search_workspace(char *resp)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_search_window(char *resp)
+search_resp_search_window(const char *resp)
 {
        char                    *s;
        int                     idx;
@@ -4461,7 +5128,7 @@ search_do_resp(void)
 {
        ssize_t                 rbytes;
        char                    *resp;
-       unsigned long           len;
+       size_t                  len;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_do_resp:\n");
 
@@ -4656,14 +5323,12 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 {
        xcb_timestamp_t         timestamp = 0;
        struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
-       int                     resize_step = 0;
+       int                     resize_stp = 0;
        struct swm_geometry     g;
        int                     top = 0, left = 0, resizing;
        int                     dx, dy;
-       unsigned int            shape; /* cursor style */
-       xcb_cursor_t            cursor;
-       xcb_font_t              cursor_font;
-       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *xpr;
+       xcb_cursor_t                    cursor;
+       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *xpr = NULL;
        xcb_generic_event_t             *evt;
        xcb_motion_notify_event_t       *mne;
 
@@ -4693,27 +5358,33 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        focus_flush();
 
+       /* It's possible for win to have been freed during focus_flush(). */
+       if (validate_win(win)) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+               goto out;
+       }
+
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_WIDTHSHRINK:
                WIDTH(win) -= SWM_RESIZE_STEPS;
-               resize_step = 1;
+               resize_stp = 1;
                break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_WIDTHGROW:
                WIDTH(win) += SWM_RESIZE_STEPS;
-               resize_step = 1;
+               resize_stp = 1;
                break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_HEIGHTSHRINK:
                HEIGHT(win) -= SWM_RESIZE_STEPS;
-               resize_step = 1;
+               resize_stp = 1;
                break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_HEIGHTGROW:
                HEIGHT(win) += SWM_RESIZE_STEPS;
-               resize_step = 1;
+               resize_stp = 1;
                break;
        default:
                break;
        }
-       if (resize_step) {
+       if (resize_stp) {
                constrain_window(win, r, 1);
                update_window(win);
                store_float_geom(win,r);
@@ -4735,18 +5406,13 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                top = 1;
 
        if (args->id == SWM_ARG_ID_CENTER)
-               shape = XC_sizing;
+               cursor = cursors[XC_SIZING].cid;
        else if (top)
-               shape = (left) ? XC_top_left_corner : XC_top_right_corner;
+               cursor = cursors[left ? XC_TOP_LEFT_CORNER :
+                   XC_TOP_RIGHT_CORNER].cid;
        else
-               shape = (left) ? XC_bottom_left_corner : XC_bottom_right_corner;
-
-       cursor_font = xcb_generate_id(conn);
-       xcb_open_font(conn, cursor_font, strlen("cursor"), "cursor");
-
-       cursor = xcb_generate_id(conn);
-       xcb_create_glyph_cursor(conn, cursor, cursor_font, cursor_font,
-           shape, shape + 1, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0xffff, 0xffff);
+               cursor = cursors[left ? XC_BOTTOM_LEFT_CORNER :
+                   XC_BOTTOM_RIGHT_CORNER].cid;
 
        xcb_grab_pointer(conn, 0, win->id, MOUSEMASK,
            XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC, XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC, XCB_WINDOW_NONE, cursor,
@@ -4754,7 +5420,7 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
        resizing = 1;
-       while ((evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn)) && resizing) {
+       while (resizing && (evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn))) {
                switch (XCB_EVENT_RESPONSE_TYPE(evt)) {
                case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: BUTTON_RELEASE\n");
@@ -4817,6 +5483,12 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                        break;
                default:
                        event_handle(evt);
+
+                       /* It's possible for win to have been freed above. */
+                       if (validate_win(win)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
                        break;
                }
                free(evt);
@@ -4826,10 +5498,8 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
        store_float_geom(win,r);
-
+out:
        xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
-       xcb_free_cursor(conn, cursor);
-       xcb_close_font(conn, cursor_font);
        free(xpr);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: done.\n");
 }
@@ -4854,11 +5524,9 @@ void
 move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 {
        xcb_timestamp_t         timestamp = 0;
-       int                     move_step = 0, moving;
+       int                     move_stp = 0, moving;
        struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
-       xcb_font_t                      cursor_font;
-       xcb_cursor_t                    cursor;
-       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *qpr;
+       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *qpr = NULL;
        xcb_generic_event_t             *evt;
        xcb_motion_notify_event_t       *mne;
 
@@ -4889,58 +5557,55 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        focus_flush();
 
-       move_step = 0;
+       /* It's possible for win to have been freed during focus_flush(). */
+       if (validate_win(win)) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       move_stp = 0;
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_MOVELEFT:
                X(win) -= (SWM_MOVE_STEPS - border_width);
-               move_step = 1;
+               move_stp = 1;
                break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_MOVERIGHT:
                X(win) += (SWM_MOVE_STEPS - border_width);
-               move_step = 1;
+               move_stp = 1;
                break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_MOVEUP:
                Y(win) -= (SWM_MOVE_STEPS - border_width);
-               move_step = 1;
+               move_stp = 1;
                break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_MOVEDOWN:
                Y(win) += (SWM_MOVE_STEPS - border_width);
-               move_step = 1;
+               move_stp = 1;
                break;
        default:
                break;
        }
-       if (move_step) {
+       if (move_stp) {
                constrain_window(win, r, 0);
                update_window(win);
                store_float_geom(win, r);
                return;
        }
 
-       cursor_font = xcb_generate_id(conn);
-       xcb_open_font(conn, cursor_font, strlen("cursor"), "cursor");
-
-       cursor = xcb_generate_id(conn);
-       xcb_create_glyph_cursor(conn, cursor, cursor_font, cursor_font,
-               XC_fleur, XC_fleur + 1, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0xffff, 0xffff);
-
        xcb_grab_pointer(conn, 0, win->id, MOUSEMASK,
            XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC, XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC,
-           XCB_WINDOW_NONE, cursor, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+           XCB_WINDOW_NONE, cursors[XC_FLEUR].cid, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
 
        /* get cursor offset from window root */
        qpr = xcb_query_pointer_reply(conn, xcb_query_pointer(conn, win->id),
                NULL);
        if (!qpr) {
                xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
-               xcb_free_cursor(conn, cursor);
-               xcb_close_font(conn, cursor_font);
                return;
        }
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
        moving = 1;
-       while ((evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn)) && moving) {
+       while (moving && (evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn))) {
                switch (XCB_EVENT_RESPONSE_TYPE(evt)) {
                case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: BUTTON_RELEASE\n");
@@ -4962,6 +5627,12 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                        break;
                default:
                        event_handle(evt);
+
+                       /* It's possible for win to have been freed above. */
+                       if (validate_win(win)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
                        break;
                }
                free(evt);
@@ -4971,9 +5642,8 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
        store_float_geom(win, r);
+out:
        free(qpr);
-       xcb_free_cursor(conn, cursor);
-       xcb_close_font(conn, cursor_font);
        xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: done.\n");
 }
@@ -4995,101 +5665,6 @@ move_step(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        focus_flush();
 }
 
-/* user/key callable function IDs */
-enum keyfuncid {
-       KF_BAR_TOGGLE,
-       KF_BUTTON2,
-       KF_CYCLE_LAYOUT,
-       KF_FLIP_LAYOUT,
-       KF_FLOAT_TOGGLE,
-       KF_FOCUS_MAIN,
-       KF_FOCUS_NEXT,
-       KF_FOCUS_PREV,
-       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,
-       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,
-       KF_ICONIFY,
-       KF_MASTER_SHRINK,
-       KF_MASTER_GROW,
-       KF_MASTER_ADD,
-       KF_MASTER_DEL,
-       KF_MOVE_DOWN,
-       KF_MOVE_LEFT,
-       KF_MOVE_RIGHT,
-       KF_MOVE_UP,
-       KF_MVWS_1,
-       KF_MVWS_2,
-       KF_MVWS_3,
-       KF_MVWS_4,
-       KF_MVWS_5,
-       KF_MVWS_6,
-       KF_MVWS_7,
-       KF_MVWS_8,
-       KF_MVWS_9,
-       KF_MVWS_10,
-       KF_MVWS_11,
-       KF_MVWS_12,
-       KF_MVWS_13,
-       KF_MVWS_14,
-       KF_MVWS_15,
-       KF_MVWS_16,
-       KF_MVWS_17,
-       KF_MVWS_18,
-       KF_MVWS_19,
-       KF_MVWS_20,
-       KF_MVWS_21,
-       KF_MVWS_22,
-       KF_NAME_WORKSPACE,
-       KF_QUIT,
-       KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,
-       KF_RESTART,
-       KF_SCREEN_NEXT,
-       KF_SCREEN_PREV,
-       KF_SEARCH_WIN,
-       KF_SEARCH_WORKSPACE,
-       KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
-       KF_STACK_INC,
-       KF_STACK_DEC,
-       KF_STACK_RESET,
-       KF_SWAP_MAIN,
-       KF_SWAP_NEXT,
-       KF_SWAP_PREV,
-       KF_UNICONIFY,
-       KF_VERSION,
-       KF_WIDTH_GROW,
-       KF_WIDTH_SHRINK,
-       KF_WIND_DEL,
-       KF_WIND_KILL,
-       KF_WS_1,
-       KF_WS_2,
-       KF_WS_3,
-       KF_WS_4,
-       KF_WS_5,
-       KF_WS_6,
-       KF_WS_7,
-       KF_WS_8,
-       KF_WS_9,
-       KF_WS_10,
-       KF_WS_11,
-       KF_WS_12,
-       KF_WS_13,
-       KF_WS_14,
-       KF_WS_15,
-       KF_WS_16,
-       KF_WS_17,
-       KF_WS_18,
-       KF_WS_19,
-       KF_WS_20,
-       KF_WS_21,
-       KF_WS_22,
-       KF_WS_NEXT,
-       KF_WS_NEXT_ALL,
-       KF_WS_PREV,
-       KF_WS_PREV_ALL,
-       KF_WS_PRIOR,
-       KF_DUMPWINS, /* MUST BE LAST */
-       KF_INVALID
-};
-
 /* key definitions */
 struct keyfunc {
        char                    name[SWM_FUNCNAME_LEN];
@@ -5097,7 +5672,8 @@ struct keyfunc {
        union arg               args;
 } keyfuncs[KF_INVALID + 1] = {
        /* name                 function        argument */
-       { "bar_toggle",         bar_toggle,     {0} },
+       { "bar_toggle",         bar_toggle,     {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_BAR_TOGGLE} },
+       { "bar_toggle_ws",      bar_toggle,     {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_BAR_TOGGLE_WS} },
        { "button2",            pressbutton,    {2} },
        { "cycle_layout",       cycle_layout,   {0} },
        { "flip_layout",        stack_config,   {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FLIPLAYOUT} },
@@ -5116,6 +5692,15 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "move_left",          move_step,      {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_MOVELEFT} },
        { "move_right",         move_step,      {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_MOVERIGHT} },
        { "move_up",            move_step,      {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_MOVEUP} },
+       { "mvrg_1",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 0} },
+       { "mvrg_2",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 1} },
+       { "mvrg_3",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 2} },
+       { "mvrg_4",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 3} },
+       { "mvrg_5",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 4} },
+       { "mvrg_6",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 5} },
+       { "mvrg_7",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 6} },
+       { "mvrg_8",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 7} },
+       { "mvrg_9",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 8} },
        { "mvws_1",             send_to_ws,     {.id = 0} },
        { "mvws_2",             send_to_ws,     {.id = 1} },
        { "mvws_3",             send_to_ws,     {.id = 2} },
@@ -5142,8 +5727,19 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "quit",               quit,           {0} },
        { "raise_toggle",       raise_toggle,   {0} },
        { "restart",            restart,        {0} },
-       { "screen_next",        cyclescr,       {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_UP} },
-       { "screen_prev",        cyclescr,       {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_DOWN} },
+       { "rg_1",               focusrg,        {.id = 0} },
+       { "rg_2",               focusrg,        {.id = 1} },
+       { "rg_3",               focusrg,        {.id = 2} },
+       { "rg_4",               focusrg,        {.id = 3} },
+       { "rg_5",               focusrg,        {.id = 4} },
+       { "rg_6",               focusrg,        {.id = 5} },
+       { "rg_7",               focusrg,        {.id = 6} },
+       { "rg_8",               focusrg,        {.id = 7} },
+       { "rg_9",               focusrg,        {.id = 8} },
+       { "rg_next",            cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP} },
+       { "rg_prev",            cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN} },
+       { "screen_next",        cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP} },
+       { "screen_prev",        cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN} },
        { "search_win",         search_win,     {0} },
        { "search_workspace",   search_workspace,       {0} },
        { "spawn_custom",       NULL,           {0} },
@@ -5183,20 +5779,14 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "ws_22",              switchws,       {.id = 21} },
        { "ws_next",            cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP} },
        { "ws_next_all",        cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL} },
+       { "ws_next_move",       cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP} },
        { "ws_prev",            cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN} },
        { "ws_prev_all",        cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL} },
+       { "ws_prev_move",       cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN} },
        { "ws_prior",           priorws,        {0} },
        { "dumpwins",           dumpwins,       {0} }, /* MUST BE LAST */
        { "invalid key func",   NULL,           {0} },
 };
-struct key {
-       RB_ENTRY(key)           entry;
-       unsigned int            mod;
-       KeySym                  keysym;
-       enum keyfuncid          funcid;
-       char                    *spawn_name;
-};
-RB_HEAD(key_tree, key);
 
 int
 key_cmp(struct key *kp1, struct key *kp2)
@@ -5214,9 +5804,6 @@ key_cmp(struct key *kp1, struct key *kp2)
        return (0);
 }
 
-RB_GENERATE(key_tree, key, entry, key_cmp);
-struct key_tree                        keys;
-
 /* mouse */
 enum { client_click, root_click };
 struct button {
@@ -5254,18 +5841,8 @@ update_modkey(unsigned int mod)
                        buttons[i].mask = mod;
 }
 
-/* spawn */
-struct spawn_prog {
-       TAILQ_ENTRY(spawn_prog) entry;
-       char                    *name;
-       int                     argc;
-       char                    **argv;
-};
-TAILQ_HEAD(spawn_list, spawn_prog);
-struct spawn_list              spawns = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(spawns);
-
 int
-spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name,
+spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
     char ***ret_args)
 {
        struct spawn_prog       *prog = NULL;
@@ -5324,6 +5901,13 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name,
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color unfocus");
+               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$region_index")) {
+                       if (asprintf(&real_args[i], "%d",
+                           get_region_index(r) + 1) < 1)
+                               err(1, "spawn_custom region index");
+               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$workspace_index")) {
+                       if (asprintf(&real_args[i], "%d", r->ws->idx + 1) < 1)
+                               err(1, "spawn_custom workspace index");
                } else {
                        /* no match --> copy as is */
                        if ((real_args[i] = strdup(ap)) == NULL)
@@ -5344,7 +5928,7 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name,
 }
 
 void
-spawn_custom(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name)
+spawn_custom(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name)
 {
        union arg               a;
        char                    **real_args;
@@ -5362,7 +5946,8 @@ spawn_custom(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name)
 }
 
 void
-spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name, int *pid)
+spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
+    int *pid)
 {
        union arg               a;
        char                    **real_args;
@@ -5384,9 +5969,9 @@ spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name, int *pid)
                err(1, "cannot fork");
                break;
        case 0: /* child */
-               if (dup2(select_list_pipe[0], 0) == -1)
+               if (dup2(select_list_pipe[0], STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
-               if (dup2(select_resp_pipe[1], 1) == -1)
+               if (dup2(select_resp_pipe[1], STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
                close(select_list_pipe[1]);
                close(select_resp_pipe[0]);
@@ -5404,7 +5989,7 @@ spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, char *spawn_name, int *pid)
 }
 
 void
-spawn_insert(char *name, char *args)
+spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args, int flags)
 {
        char                    *arg, *cp, *ptr;
        struct spawn_prog       *sp;
@@ -5433,6 +6018,8 @@ spawn_insert(char *name, char *args)
        }
        free(cp);
 
+       sp->flags = flags;
+
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&spawns, sp, entry);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_insert: leave\n");
 }
@@ -5455,18 +6042,7 @@ spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *sp)
 }
 
 void
-spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *sp, char *name, char *args)
-{
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_replace: %s [%s]\n", sp->name, name);
-
-       spawn_remove(sp);
-       spawn_insert(name, args);
-
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_replace: leave\n");
-}
-
-void
-setspawn(char *name, char *args)
+setspawn(const char *name, const char *args, int flags)
 {
        struct spawn_prog       *sp;
 
@@ -5475,38 +6051,31 @@ setspawn(char *name, char *args)
        if (name == NULL)
                return;
 
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
+       /* Remove any old spawn under the same name. */
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry)
                if (!strcmp(sp->name, name)) {
-                       if (*args == '\0')
-                               spawn_remove(sp);
-                       else
-                               spawn_replace(sp, name, args);
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setspawn: leave\n");
-                       return;
+                       spawn_remove(sp);
+                       break;
                }
-       }
-       if (*args == '\0') {
+
+       if (*args != '\0')
+               spawn_insert(name, args, flags);
+       else
                warnx("error: setspawn: cannot find program: %s", name);
-               return;
-       }
 
-       spawn_insert(name, args);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setspawn: leave\n");
 }
 
 int
 setconfspawn(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 {
-       char *args;
-
-       /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
-       (void)flags;
+       char            *args;
 
        args = expand_tilde(value);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setconfspawn: [%s] [%s]\n", selector, args);
 
-       setspawn(selector, args);
+       setspawn(selector, args, flags);
        free(args);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setconfspawn: done.\n");
@@ -5514,20 +6083,57 @@ setconfspawn(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 }
 
 void
+validate_spawns(void)
+{
+       struct spawn_prog       *sp;
+       char                    which[PATH_MAX];
+       size_t                  i;
+
+       struct key              *kp;
+
+       RB_FOREACH(kp, key_tree, &keys) {
+               if (kp->funcid != KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM)
+                       continue;
+
+               /* find program */
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
+                       if (!strcasecmp(kp->spawn_name, sp->name))
+                               break;
+               }
+
+               if (sp == NULL || sp->flags & SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL)
+                       continue;
+
+               /* verify we have the goods */
+               snprintf(which, sizeof which, "which %s", sp->argv[0]);
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "validate_spawns: which %s\n",
+                   sp->argv[0]);
+               for (i = strlen("which "); i < strlen(which); i++)
+                       if (which[i] == ' ') {
+                               which[i] = '\0';
+                               break;
+                       }
+               if (system(which) != 0)
+                       add_startup_exception("could not find %s",
+                           &which[strlen("which ")]);
+       }
+}
+
+void
 setup_spawn(void)
 {
+       setconfspawn("lock",            "xlock",                0);
+
        setconfspawn("term",            "xterm",                0);
        setconfspawn("spawn_term",      "xterm",                0);
-       setconfspawn("screenshot_all",  "screenshot.sh full",   0);
-       setconfspawn("screenshot_wind", "screenshot.sh window", 0);
-       setconfspawn("lock",            "xlock",                0);
-       setconfspawn("initscr",         "initscreen.sh",        0);
+
        setconfspawn("menu",            "dmenu_run"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
        setconfspawn("search",          "dmenu"
                                        " -i"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
@@ -5535,6 +6141,7 @@ setup_spawn(void)
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
        setconfspawn("name_workspace",  "dmenu"
                                        " -p Workspace"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
@@ -5542,6 +6149,11 @@ setup_spawn(void)
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
+        /* These are not verified for existence, even with a binding set. */
+       setconfspawn("screenshot_all",  "screenshot.sh full",   SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
+       setconfspawn("screenshot_wind", "screenshot.sh window", SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
+       setconfspawn("initscr",         "initscreen.sh",        SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
 }
 
 /* key bindings */
@@ -5598,7 +6210,7 @@ parsekeys(char *keystr, unsigned int currmod, unsigned int *mod, KeySym *ks)
 }
 
 char *
-strdupsafe(char *str)
+strdupsafe(const char *str)
 {
        if (str == NULL)
                return (NULL);
@@ -5607,7 +6219,8 @@ strdupsafe(char *str)
 }
 
 void
-key_insert(unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid, char *spawn_name)
+key_insert(unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid,
+    const char *spawn_name)
 {
        struct key              *kp;
 
@@ -5651,7 +6264,7 @@ key_remove(struct key *kp)
 
 void
 key_replace(struct key *kp, unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid,
-    char *spawn_name)
+    const char *spawn_name)
 {
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "key_replace: %s [%s]\n", keyfuncs[kp->funcid].name,
            spawn_name);
@@ -5664,7 +6277,7 @@ key_replace(struct key *kp, unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid,
 
 void
 setkeybinding(unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid,
-    char *spawn_name)
+    const char *spawn_name)
 {
        struct key              *kp;
 
@@ -5680,7 +6293,7 @@ setkeybinding(unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid,
                return;
        }
        if (kfid == KF_INVALID) {
-               warnx("error: setkeybinding: cannot find mod/key combination");
+               warnx("bind: Key combination already unbound.");
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeybinding: leave\n");
                return;
        }
@@ -5714,8 +6327,8 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        for (kfid = 0; kfid < KF_INVALID; (kfid)++) {
                if (strncasecmp(selector, keyfuncs[kfid].name,
                    SWM_FUNCNAME_LEN) == 0) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match\n",
-                           selector);
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match "
+                           "keyfunc\n", selector);
                        if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
                                setkeybinding(mod, ks, kfid, NULL);
                                return (0);
@@ -5726,8 +6339,8 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        /* search by custom spawn name */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
                if (strcasecmp(selector, sp->name) == 0) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match\n",
-                           selector);
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match "
+                           "spawn\n", selector);
                        if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
                                setkeybinding(mod, ks, KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
                                    sp->name);
@@ -5744,25 +6357,94 @@ void
 setup_keys(void)
 {
 #define MODKEY_SHIFT   MODKEY | XCB_MOD_MASK_SHIFT
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE_WS,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_v,           KF_BUTTON2,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_space,       KF_CYCLE_LAYOUT,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_backslash,   KF_FLIP_LAYOUT, NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_space,       KF_STACK_RESET, NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_t,           KF_FLOAT_TOGGLE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_m,           KF_FOCUS_MAIN,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_j,           KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_k,           KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_equal,       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_minus,       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_w,           KF_ICONIFY,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_h,           KF_MASTER_SHRINK, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_l,           KF_MASTER_GROW, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_comma,       KF_MASTER_ADD,  NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_period,      KF_MASTER_DEL,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_DOWN,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_LEFT,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_RIGHT,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_UP,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_End,      KF_MVRG_1,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Down,     KF_MVRG_2,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Next,     KF_MVRG_3,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Left,     KF_MVRG_4,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Begin,    KF_MVRG_5,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Right,    KF_MVRG_6,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Home,     KF_MVRG_7,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Up,       KF_MVRG_8,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Prior,    KF_MVRG_9,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_1,           KF_MVWS_1,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_2,           KF_MVWS_2,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_3,           KF_MVWS_3,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_4,           KF_MVWS_4,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_5,           KF_MVWS_5,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_6,           KF_MVWS_6,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_7,           KF_MVWS_7,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_8,           KF_MVWS_8,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_9,           KF_MVWS_9,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_0,           KF_MVWS_10,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F1,          KF_MVWS_11,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F2,          KF_MVWS_12,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F3,          KF_MVWS_13,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F4,          KF_MVWS_14,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F5,          KF_MVWS_15,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F6,          KF_MVWS_16,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F7,          KF_MVWS_17,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F8,          KF_MVWS_18,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F9,          KF_MVWS_19,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F10,         KF_MVWS_20,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F11,         KF_MVWS_21,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F12,         KF_MVWS_22,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_slash,       KF_NAME_WORKSPACE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_q,           KF_QUIT,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_r,           KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_q,           KF_RESTART,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_End,      KF_RG_1,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Down,     KF_RG_2,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Next,     KF_RG_3,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Left,     KF_RG_4,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Begin,    KF_RG_5,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Right,    KF_RG_6,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Home,     KF_RG_7,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Up,       KF_RG_8,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Prior,    KF_RG_9,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Right,       KF_RG_NEXT,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Left,        KF_RG_PREV,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_f,           KF_SEARCH_WIN,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_slash,       KF_SEARCH_WORKSPACE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_i,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"initscr");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Delete,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"lock");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_p,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"menu");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_all");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_wind");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Return,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"term");
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_comma,       KF_STACK_INC,   NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_period,      KF_STACK_DEC,   NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_space,       KF_STACK_RESET, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Return,      KF_SWAP_MAIN,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_j,           KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_k,           KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_j,           KF_SWAP_NEXT,   NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_k,           KF_SWAP_PREV,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Return,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"term");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_p,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"menu");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_q,           KF_QUIT,        NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_q,           KF_RESTART,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_m,           KF_FOCUS_MAIN,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_w,           KF_UNICONIFY,   NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_v,           KF_VERSION,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_equal,       KF_WIDTH_GROW,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_minus,       KF_WIDTH_SHRINK,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_x,           KF_WIND_DEL,    NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_x,           KF_WIND_KILL,   NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_1,           KF_WS_1,        NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_2,           KF_WS_2,        NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_3,           KF_WS_3,        NULL);
@@ -5789,57 +6471,9 @@ setup_keys(void)
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Left,        KF_WS_PREV,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Up,          KF_WS_NEXT_ALL, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Down,        KF_WS_PREV_ALL, NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Up,          KF_WS_NEXT_MOVE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Down,        KF_WS_PREV_MOVE,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_a,           KF_WS_PRIOR,    NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Right,       KF_SCREEN_NEXT, NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Left,        KF_SCREEN_PREV, NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_1,           KF_MVWS_1,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_2,           KF_MVWS_2,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_3,           KF_MVWS_3,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_4,           KF_MVWS_4,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_5,           KF_MVWS_5,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_6,           KF_MVWS_6,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_7,           KF_MVWS_7,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_8,           KF_MVWS_8,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_9,           KF_MVWS_9,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_0,           KF_MVWS_10,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F1,          KF_MVWS_11,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F2,          KF_MVWS_12,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F3,          KF_MVWS_13,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F4,          KF_MVWS_14,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F5,          KF_MVWS_15,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F6,          KF_MVWS_16,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F7,          KF_MVWS_17,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F8,          KF_MVWS_18,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F9,          KF_MVWS_19,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F10,         KF_MVWS_20,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F11,         KF_MVWS_21,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F12,         KF_MVWS_22,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_x,           KF_WIND_KILL,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_x,           KF_WIND_DEL,    NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_all");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_wind");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_t,           KF_FLOAT_TOGGLE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_v,           KF_VERSION,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Delete,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"lock");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_i,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"initscr");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_w,           KF_ICONIFY,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_w,           KF_UNICONIFY,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_r,           KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_v,           KF_BUTTON2,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_equal,       KF_WIDTH_GROW,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_minus,       KF_WIDTH_SHRINK,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_equal,       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_minus,       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_LEFT,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_RIGHT,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_UP,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_DOWN,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_slash,       KF_NAME_WORKSPACE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_slash,       KF_SEARCH_WORKSPACE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_f,           KF_SEARCH_WIN,  NULL);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_d,           KF_DUMPWINS,    NULL);
 #endif
@@ -5860,24 +6494,25 @@ clear_keys(void)
 int
 setkeymapping(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 {
-       char                    keymapping_file[PATH_MAX];
+       char                    *keymapping_file;
 
        /* suppress unused warnings since vars are needed */
        (void)selector;
        (void)flags;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeymapping: enter\n");
-       if (value[0] == '~')
-               snprintf(keymapping_file, sizeof keymapping_file, "%s/%s",
-                   pwd->pw_dir, &value[1]);
-       else
-               strlcpy(keymapping_file, value, sizeof keymapping_file);
+
+       keymapping_file = expand_tilde(value);
+
        clear_keys();
        /* load new key bindings; if it fails, revert to default bindings */
        if (conf_load(keymapping_file, SWM_CONF_KEYMAPPING)) {
                clear_keys();
                setup_keys();
        }
+
+       free(keymapping_file);
+
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeymapping: leave\n");
        return (0);
 }
@@ -5917,7 +6552,7 @@ grabkeys(void)
 {
        struct key              *kp;
        int                     num_screens, k, j;
-       unsigned int            modifiers[3];
+       unsigned int            modifiers[4];
        xcb_keycode_t           *code;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "grabkeys\n");
@@ -5925,15 +6560,26 @@ grabkeys(void)
 
        modifiers[0] = 0;
        modifiers[1] = numlockmask;
-       modifiers[2] = numlockmask | XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
+       modifiers[2] = XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
+       modifiers[3] = numlockmask | XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (k = 0; k < num_screens; k++) {
                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&screens[k].rl))
                        continue;
                xcb_ungrab_key(conn, XCB_GRAB_ANY, screens[k].root,
                        XCB_MOD_MASK_ANY);
                RB_FOREACH(kp, key_tree, &keys) {
+                       /* Skip unused ws binds. */
+                       if ((int)kp->funcid > KF_WS_1 + workspace_limit - 1 &&
+                           kp->funcid <= KF_WS_22)
+                               continue;
+
+                       /* Skip unused mvws binds. */
+                       if ((int)kp->funcid > KF_MVWS_1 + workspace_limit - 1 &&
+                           kp->funcid <= KF_MVWS_22)
+                               continue;
+
                        if ((code = xcb_key_symbols_get_keycode(syms,
                                        kp->keysym))) {
                                for (j = 0; j < LENGTH(modifiers); j++)
@@ -5941,7 +6587,7 @@ grabkeys(void)
                                            screens[k].root,
                                            kp->mod | modifiers[j],
                                            *code, XCB_GRAB_MODE_SYNC,
-                                           XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC);
+                                           XCB_GRAB_MODE_SYNC);
                                free(code);
                        }
                }
@@ -5951,16 +6597,25 @@ grabkeys(void)
 void
 grabbuttons(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       int             i;
+       unsigned int    modifiers[4];
+       int             i, j;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOUSE, "grabbuttons: win 0x%x\n", win->id);
+       updatenumlockmask();
+
+       modifiers[0] = 0;
+       modifiers[1] = numlockmask;
+       modifiers[2] = XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
+       modifiers[3] = numlockmask | XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
 
        for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(buttons); i++)
                if (buttons[i].action == client_click)
-                       xcb_grab_button(conn, 0, win->id, BUTTONMASK,
-                           XCB_GRAB_MODE_SYNC, XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC,
-                           XCB_WINDOW_NONE, XCB_CURSOR_NONE,
-                           buttons[i].button, buttons[i].mask);
+                       for (j = 0; j < LENGTH(modifiers); ++j)
+                               xcb_grab_button(conn, 0, win->id, BUTTONMASK,
+                                   XCB_GRAB_MODE_SYNC, XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC,
+                                   XCB_WINDOW_NONE, XCB_CURSOR_NONE,
+                                   buttons[i].button, buttons[i].mask |
+                                   modifiers[j]);
 }
 
 const char *quirkname[] = {
@@ -5971,6 +6626,8 @@ const char *quirkname[] = {
        "XTERM_FONTADJ",
        "FULLSCREEN",
        "FOCUSPREV",
+       "NOFOCUSONMAP",
+       "FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE",
 };
 
 /* SWM_Q_WS: retain '|' for back compat for now (2009-08-11) */
@@ -6066,6 +6723,7 @@ setquirk(const char *class, const char *name, unsigned long quirk)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: enter %s:%s [%lu]\n", class, name,
           quirk);
 
+       /* Remove/replace existing quirk. */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(qp, &quirks, entry) {
                if (!strcmp(qp->class, class) && !strcmp(qp->name, name)) {
                        if (!quirk)
@@ -6076,12 +6734,11 @@ setquirk(const char *class, const char *name, unsigned long quirk)
                        return;
                }
        }
-       if (!quirk) {
-               warnx("error: setquirk: cannot find class/name combination");
-               return;
-       }
 
-       quirk_insert(class, name, quirk);
+       /* Only insert if quirk is not NONE. */
+       if (quirk)
+               quirk_insert(class, name, quirk);
+
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: leave\n");
 }
 
@@ -6135,6 +6792,7 @@ enum {
        SWM_S_BAR_BORDER_WIDTH,
        SWM_S_BAR_DELAY,
        SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED,
+       SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED_WS,
        SWM_S_BAR_FONT,
        SWM_S_BAR_FORMAT,
        SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY,
@@ -6149,12 +6807,14 @@ enum {
        SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE_WRAP,
        SWM_S_FOCUS_DEFAULT,
        SWM_S_FOCUS_MODE,
+       SWM_S_REGION_PADDING,
        SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER,
        SWM_S_SPAWN_TERM,
        SWM_S_SS_APP,
        SWM_S_SS_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_STACK_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_TERM_WIDTH,
+       SWM_S_TILE_GAP,
        SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_TITLE_NAME_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_URGENT_ENABLED,
@@ -6166,8 +6826,9 @@ enum {
 int
 setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 {
-       int     i;
-       char    *b;
+       struct workspace        *ws;
+       int                     i, ws_id, num_screens;
+       char                    *b;
 
        /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
        (void)selector;
@@ -6187,11 +6848,23 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                        bar_border_width = 0;
                break;
        case SWM_S_BAR_DELAY:
-               bar_delay = atoi(value);
+               /* No longer needed; leave to not break old conf files. */
                break;
        case SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED:
                bar_enabled = atoi(value);
                break;
+       case SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED_WS:
+               ws_id = atoi(selector) - 1;
+               if (ws_id < 0 || ws_id >= workspace_limit)
+                       errx(1, "setconfvalue: bar_enabled_ws: invalid "
+                           "workspace %d.", ws_id + 1);
+
+               num_screens = get_screen_count();
+               for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
+                       ws = (struct workspace *)&screens[i].ws;
+                       ws[ws_id].bar_enabled = atoi(value);
+               }
+               break;
        case SWM_S_BAR_FONT:
                b = bar_fonts;
                if (asprintf(&bar_fonts, "%s,%s", value, bar_fonts) == -1)
@@ -6291,6 +6964,11 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                else
                        errx(1, "focus_mode");
                break;
+       case SWM_S_REGION_PADDING:
+               region_padding = atoi(value);
+               if (region_padding < 0)
+                       region_padding = 0;
+               break;
        case SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER:
                if (!strcmp(value, "first"))
                        spawn_position = SWM_STACK_BOTTOM;
@@ -6308,9 +6986,10 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                setconfspawn("spawn_term", value, 0);
                break;
        case SWM_S_SS_APP:
+               /* No longer needed; leave to not break old conf files. */
                break;
        case SWM_S_SS_ENABLED:
-               ss_enabled = atoi(value);
+               /* No longer needed; leave to not break old conf files. */
                break;
        case SWM_S_STACK_ENABLED:
                stack_enabled = atoi(value);
@@ -6320,6 +6999,11 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                if (term_width < 0)
                        term_width = 0;
                break;
+       case SWM_S_TILE_GAP:
+               tile_gap = atoi(value);
+               if (tile_gap < 0)
+                       tile_gap = 0;
+               break;
        case SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED:
                title_class_enabled = atoi(value);
                break;
@@ -6397,7 +7081,7 @@ setautorun(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 {
        int                     ws_id;
        char                    s[1024];
-       char                    *ap, *sp = s;
+       char                    *ap, *sp;
        union arg               a;
        int                     argc = 0;
        pid_t                   pid;
@@ -6417,6 +7101,8 @@ setautorun(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        if (ws_id < 0 || ws_id >= workspace_limit)
                errx(1, "autorun: invalid workspace %d", ws_id + 1);
 
+       sp = expand_tilde((char *)&s);
+
        /*
         * This is a little intricate
         *
@@ -6434,6 +7120,7 @@ setautorun(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                        err(1, "setautorun: realloc");
                a.argv[argc - 1] = ap;
        }
+       free(sp);
 
        if ((a.argv = realloc(a.argv, (argc + 1) * sizeof(char *))) == NULL)
                err(1, "setautorun: realloc");
@@ -6503,7 +7190,7 @@ setlayout(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                    "<master_grow>:<master_add>:<stack_inc>:<always_raise>:"
                    "<type>'");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                ws = (struct workspace *)&screens[i].ws;
                ws[ws_id].cur_layout = &layouts[st];
@@ -6553,57 +7240,86 @@ struct config_option {
        int                     funcflags;
 };
 struct config_option configopt[] = {
-       { "bar_enabled",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED },
+       { "autorun",                    setautorun,     0 },
+       { "bar_action",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_ACTION },
        { "bar_at_bottom",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_AT_BOTTOM },
        { "bar_border",                 setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER },
+       { "bar_border_unfocus",         setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS },
        { "bar_border_width",           setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_BORDER_WIDTH },
        { "bar_color",                  setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR },
-       { "bar_font_color",             setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT },
-       { "bar_font",                   setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_FONT },
-       { "bar_action",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_ACTION },
        { "bar_delay",                  setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_DELAY },
-       { "bar_justify",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY },
+       { "bar_enabled",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED },
+       { "bar_enabled_ws",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_ENABLED_WS },
+       { "bar_font",                   setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_FONT },
+       { "bar_font_color",             setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT },
        { "bar_format",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_FORMAT },
-       { "keyboard_mapping",           setkeymapping,  0 },
+       { "bar_justify",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY },
        { "bind",                       setconfbinding, 0 },
-       { "stack_enabled",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_STACK_ENABLED },
+       { "border_width",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BORDER_WIDTH },
        { "clock_enabled",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED },
        { "clock_format",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CLOCK_FORMAT },
        { "color_focus",                setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS },
        { "color_unfocus",              setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS },
        { "cycle_empty",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CYCLE_EMPTY },
        { "cycle_visible",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CYCLE_VISIBLE },
-       { "workspace_limit",            setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WORKSPACE_LIMIT },
        { "dialog_ratio",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_DIALOG_RATIO },
-       { "verbose_layout",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_VERBOSE_LAYOUT },
+       { "disable_border",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_DISABLE_BORDER },
+       { "focus_close",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE },
+       { "focus_close_wrap",           setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE_WRAP },
+       { "focus_default",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_DEFAULT },
+       { "focus_mode",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_MODE },
+       { "keyboard_mapping",           setkeymapping,  0 },
+       { "layout",                     setlayout,      0 },
        { "modkey",                     setconfmodkey,  0 },
        { "program",                    setconfspawn,   0 },
        { "quirk",                      setconfquirk,   0 },
        { "region",                     setconfregion,  0 },
-       { "spawn_term",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SPAWN_TERM },
-       { "screenshot_enabled",         setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SS_ENABLED },
+       { "region_padding",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_REGION_PADDING },
        { "screenshot_app",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SS_APP },
-       { "window_name_enabled",        setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_NAME_ENABLED },
-       { "urgent_enabled",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_URGENT_ENABLED },
+       { "screenshot_enabled",         setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SS_ENABLED },
+       { "spawn_position",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER },
+       { "spawn_term",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SPAWN_TERM },
+       { "stack_enabled",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_STACK_ENABLED },
        { "term_width",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TERM_WIDTH },
+       { "tile_gap",                   setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TILE_GAP },
        { "title_class_enabled",        setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED },
        { "title_name_enabled",         setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TITLE_NAME_ENABLED },
-       { "focus_mode",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_MODE },
-       { "focus_close",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE },
-       { "focus_close_wrap",           setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE_WRAP },
-       { "focus_default",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_DEFAULT },
-       { "spawn_position",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER },
-       { "disable_border",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_DISABLE_BORDER },
-       { "border_width",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BORDER_WIDTH },
-       { "autorun",                    setautorun,     0 },
-       { "layout",                     setlayout,      0 },
+       { "urgent_enabled",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_URGENT_ENABLED },
+       { "verbose_layout",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_VERBOSE_LAYOUT },
+       { "window_name_enabled",        setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_NAME_ENABLED },
+       { "workspace_limit",            setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WORKSPACE_LIMIT },
 };
 
+void
+_add_startup_exception(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+       if (vasprintf(&startup_exception, fmt, ap) == -1)
+               warn("%s: asprintf", __func__);
+}
+
+void
+add_startup_exception(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       va_list ap;
+
+       nr_exceptions++;
+
+       if (startup_exception)
+               return;
+
+       /* force bar to be enabled due to exception */
+       bar_enabled = 1;
+
+       va_start(ap, fmt);
+       _add_startup_exception(fmt, ap);
+       va_end(ap);
+}
+
 int
-conf_load(char *filename, int keymapping)
+conf_load(const char *filename, int keymapping)
 {
        FILE                    *config;
-       char                    *line, *cp, *optsub, *optval;
+       char                    *line = NULL, *cp, *optsub, *optval = NULL;
        size_t                  linelen, lineno = 0;
        int                     wordlen, i, optidx;
        struct config_option    *opt = NULL;
@@ -6614,14 +7330,20 @@ conf_load(char *filename, int keymapping)
                warnx("conf_load: no filename");
                return (1);
        }
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: open %s\n", filename);
+
        if ((config = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) {
                warn("conf_load: fopen: %s", filename);
                return (1);
        }
 
        while (!feof(config)) {
-               if ((line = fparseln(config, &linelen, &lineno, NULL, 0))
-                   == NULL) {
+               if (line)
+                       free(line);
+
+               if ((line = fparseln(config, &linelen, &lineno, NULL,
+                   FPARSELN_UNESCCOMM | FPARSELN_UNESCCONT)) == NULL) {
                        if (ferror(config))
                                err(1, "%s", filename);
                        else
@@ -6631,15 +7353,14 @@ conf_load(char *filename, int keymapping)
                cp += strspn(cp, " \t\n"); /* eat whitespace */
                if (cp[0] == '\0') {
                        /* empty line */
-                       free(line);
                        continue;
                }
                /* get config option */
                wordlen = strcspn(cp, "=[ \t\n");
                if (wordlen == 0) {
-                       warnx("%s: line %zd: no option found",
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: no option found",
                            filename, lineno);
-                       goto out;
+                       continue;
                }
                optidx = -1;
                for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(configopt); i++) {
@@ -6651,17 +7372,20 @@ conf_load(char *filename, int keymapping)
                        }
                }
                if (optidx == -1) {
-                       warnx("%s: line %zd: unknown option %.*s",
-                           filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
-                       goto out;
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: unknown option "
+                           "%.*s", filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
+                       continue;
                }
                if (keymapping && opt && strcmp(opt->optname, "bind")) {
-                       warnx("%s: line %zd: invalid option %.*s",
-                           filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
-                       goto out;
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: invalid option "
+                           "%.*s", filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
+                       continue;
                }
                cp += wordlen;
                cp += strspn(cp, " \t\n"); /* eat whitespace */
+
+               /* from here on out we call goto invalid to continue */
+
                /* get [selector] if any */
                optsub = NULL;
                if (*cp == '[') {
@@ -6669,17 +7393,17 @@ conf_load(char *filename, int keymapping)
                        wordlen = strcspn(cp, "]");
                        if (*cp != ']') {
                                if (wordlen == 0) {
-                                       warnx("%s: line %zd: syntax error",
-                                           filename, lineno);
-                                       goto out;
+                                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: "
+                                           "syntax error", filename, lineno);
+                                       goto invalid;
                                }
 
                                if (asprintf(&optsub, "%.*s", wordlen, cp) ==
                                    -1) {
-                                       warnx("%s: line %zd: unable to allocate"
-                                           "memory for selector", filename,
-                                           lineno);
-                                       goto out;
+                                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: "
+                                           "unable to allocatememory for "
+                                           "selector", filename, lineno);
+                                       goto invalid;
                                }
                        }
                        cp += wordlen;
@@ -6688,27 +7412,36 @@ conf_load(char *filename, int keymapping)
                cp += strspn(cp, "= \t\n"); /* eat trailing */
                /* get RHS value */
                optval = strdup(cp);
+               if (strlen(optval) == 0) {
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: must supply value "
+                           "to %s", filename, lineno,
+                           configopt[optidx].optname);
+                       goto invalid;
+               }
                /* call function to deal with it all */
                if (configopt[optidx].func(optsub, optval,
-                   configopt[optidx].funcflags) != 0)
-                       errx(1, "%s: line %zd: invalid data for %s",
-                           filename, lineno, configopt[optidx].optname);
-               free(optval);
-               free(optsub);
-               free(line);
+                   configopt[optidx].funcflags) != 0) {
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: invalid data for "
+                           "%s", filename, lineno, configopt[optidx].optname);
+                       goto invalid;
+               }
+invalid:
+               if (optval) {
+                       free(optval);
+                       optval = NULL;
+               }
+               if (optsub) {
+                       free(optsub);
+                       optsub = NULL;
+               }
        }
 
+       if (line)
+               free(line);
        fclose(config);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: end\n");
 
        return (0);
-
-out:
-       free(line);
-       fclose(config);
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: end with error.\n");
-
-       return (1);
 }
 
 void
@@ -7105,11 +7838,11 @@ expose(xcb_expose_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "expose: window: 0x%x\n", e->window);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        if (e->window == WINID(r->bar))
-                               bar_update();
+                               bar_draw();
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
 }
@@ -7140,10 +7873,14 @@ keypress(xcb_key_press_event_t *e)
 
        keysym = xcb_key_press_lookup_keysym(syms, e, 0);
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "keypress: %u %u\n", e->detail, keysym);
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "keypress: keysym: %u, win (x,y): 0x%x (%d,%d), "
+           "detail: %u, time: %u, root (x,y): 0x%x (%d,%d), child: 0x%x, "
+           "state: %u, same_screen: %s\n", keysym, e->event, e->event_x,
+           e->event_y, e->detail, e->time, e->root, e->root_x, e->root_y,
+           e->child, e->state, YESNO(e->same_screen));
 
        if ((kp = key_lookup(CLEANMASK(e->state), keysym)) == NULL)
-               return;
+               goto out;
 
        last_event_time = e->time;
 
@@ -7153,6 +7890,13 @@ keypress(xcb_key_press_event_t *e)
        else if (keyfuncs[kp->funcid].func)
                keyfuncs[kp->funcid].func(root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_ALL),
                    &(keyfuncs[kp->funcid].args));
+
+out:
+       /* Unfreeze grab events. */
+       xcb_allow_events(conn, XCB_ALLOW_ASYNC_KEYBOARD, e->time);
+       xcb_flush(conn);
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "keypress: done.\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -7179,6 +7923,12 @@ buttonpress(xcb_button_press_event_t *e)
                        /* Focus on empty region */
                        /* If no windows on region if its empty. */
                        r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_POINTER);
+                       if (r == NULL) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "buttonpress: "
+                                   "NULL region; ignoring.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
+
                        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&r->ws->winlist)) {
                                old_r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_FOCUS);
                                if (old_r && old_r != r)
@@ -7188,7 +7938,7 @@ buttonpress(xcb_button_press_event_t *e)
                                    XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, e->root, e->time);
 
                                /* Clear bar since empty. */
-                               bar_update();
+                               bar_draw();
 
                                handled = 1;
                                goto out;
@@ -7199,7 +7949,7 @@ buttonpress(xcb_button_press_event_t *e)
        }
 
        if (win == NULL)
-               return;
+               goto out;
 
        last_event_time = e->time;
 
@@ -7383,13 +8133,15 @@ configurerequest(xcb_configure_request_event_t *e)
 
                win->g_floatvalid = 1;
 
-               if (win->floating && r) {
+               if (win->floating && r && (win->transient ||
+                   win->ws->cur_layout != &layouts[SWM_MAX_STACK])) {
                        WIDTH(win) = win->g_float.w;
                        HEIGHT(win) = win->g_float.h;
 
-                       stack_floater(win, win->ws->r);
-
-                       focus_flush();
+                       if (r) {
+                               stack_floater(win, r);
+                               focus_flush();
+                       }
                } else {
                        config_win(win, e);
                        xcb_flush(conn);
@@ -7398,6 +8150,8 @@ configurerequest(xcb_configure_request_event_t *e)
                config_win(win, e);
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "configurerequest: done.\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -7451,6 +8205,9 @@ destroynotify(xcb_destroy_notify_event_t *e)
                if (win->ws->focus_pending) {
                        focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
                        win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+               } else if (win == win->ws->focus && win->ws->r) {
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                           win->ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                }
        }
 
@@ -7527,7 +8284,7 @@ void
 enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *e)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
-       struct swm_region       *old_r, *r;
+       struct swm_region       *r;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "enternotify: time: %u, win (x,y): 0x%x "
            "(%d,%d), mode: %s(%d), detail: %s(%d), root (x,y): 0x%x (%d,%d), "
@@ -7550,28 +8307,22 @@ enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *e)
                if (e->event == e->root) {
                        /* If no windows on pointer region, then focus root. */
                        r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_POINTER);
-                       if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&r->ws->winlist)) {
-                               old_r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_FOCUS);
-                               if (old_r && old_r != r)
-                                       unfocus_win(old_r->ws->focus);
-
-                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
-                                   XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, e->root, e->time);
-
-                               /* Clear bar since empty. */
-                               bar_update();
-
-                               focus_flush();
+                       if (r == NULL) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enternotify: "
+                                   "NULL region; ignoring.\n");
+                               return;
                        }
+
+                       focus_region(r);
                } else {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enternotify: window is NULL; "
                            "ignoring\n");
+                       return;
                }
-               return;
+       } else {
+               focus_win(get_focus_magic(win));
        }
 
-       focus_win(get_focus_magic(win));
-
        xcb_flush(conn);
 }
 
@@ -7590,9 +8341,6 @@ leavenotify(xcb_leave_notify_event_t *e)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* lets us use one switch statement for arbitrary mode/detail combinations */
-#define MERGE_MEMBERS(a,b)     (((a & 0xffff) << 16) | (b & 0xffff))
-
 void
 mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *e)
 {
@@ -7610,6 +8358,7 @@ mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *e)
                if (win->ws->focus_pending == win) {
                        focus_win(win);
                        win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                       focus_flush();
                }
        }
 
@@ -7628,7 +8377,7 @@ mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *e)
 void
 maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *e)
 {
-       struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct ws_win           *win, *w = NULL;
        xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t *war;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "maprequest: win 0x%x\n",
@@ -7651,14 +8400,31 @@ maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *e)
        win = manage_window(e->window,
            (war->map_state == XCB_MAP_STATE_VIEWABLE));
 
+       /* The new window should get focus; prepare. */
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW &&
+           !(win->quirks & SWM_Q_NOFOCUSONMAP)) {
+               if (win->quirks & SWM_Q_FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE) {
+                       /* See if other wins of same type are already mapped. */
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &win->ws->winlist, entry) {
+                               if (w == win || !w->mapped)
+                                       continue;
+
+                               if (!strcmp(w->ch.class_name,
+                                   win->ch.class_name) &&
+                                   !strcmp(w->ch.instance_name,
+                                   win->ch.instance_name))
+                                       break;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (w == NULL)
+                       win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+       }
+
        /* All windows need to be mapped if they are in the current workspace.*/
        if (win->ws->r)
                stack();
 
-       /* The new window should get focus. */
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
-
        /* Ignore EnterNotify to handle the mapnotify without interference. */
        if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_DEFAULT)
                event_drain(XCB_ENTER_NOTIFY);
@@ -7667,6 +8433,38 @@ out:
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "maprequest: done.\n");
 }
 
+void
+motionnotify(xcb_motion_notify_event_t *e)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *r;
+       int                     i, num_screens;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "motionnotify: time: %u, win (x,y): 0x%x "
+           "(%d,%d), detail: %s(%d), root (x,y): 0x%x (%d,%d), "
+           "child: 0x%x, same_screen_focus: %s, state: %d\n",
+           e->time, e->event, e->event_x, e->event_y,
+           get_notify_detail_label(e->detail), e->detail,
+           e->root, e->root_x, e->root_y, e->child,
+           YESNO(e->same_screen), e->state);
+
+       last_event_time = e->time;
+
+       if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL)
+               return;
+
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
+               if (screens[i].root == e->root)
+                       break;
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
+               if (X(r) <= e->root_x && e->root_x < MAX_X(r) &&
+                   Y(r) <= e->root_y && e->root_y < MAX_Y(r))
+                       break;
+
+       focus_region(r);
+}
+
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 char *
 get_atom_name(xcb_atom_t atom)
@@ -7705,40 +8503,53 @@ void
 propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct workspace        *ws;
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        char                    *name;
 
        name = get_atom_name(e->atom);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "propertynotify: window: 0x%x, atom: %s(%u), "
-           "time: %#x\n", e->window, name, e->atom, e->time);
+           "time: %#x, state: %u\n", e->window, name, e->atom, e->time,
+           e->state);
        free(name);
 #endif
        win = find_window(e->window);
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
+       ws = win->ws;
+
        last_event_time = e->time;
 
        if (e->atom == a_swm_iconic) {
                if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE) {
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-                               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
+                               ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
 
                        unfocus_win(win);
                        unmap_window(win);
 
-                       if (win->ws->r) {
+                       if (ws->r) {
                                stack();
+
                                if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                                       focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
-                                       win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                                               focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                                               ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       } else {
+                                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
+                                                   XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                                                   ws->r->id,
+                                                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+                                       }
                                }
+
                                focus_flush();
                        }
                } else if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_DELETE) {
                        /* The window is no longer iconic, restack ws. */
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-                               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+                               ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
 
                        stack();
 
@@ -7750,15 +8561,15 @@ propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
                if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE) {
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                if (win->mapped &&
-                                   win->ws->focus_pending == win) {
-                                       focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
-                                       win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                   ws->focus_pending == win) {
+                                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
                                }
                        }
                }
        } else if (e->atom == XCB_ATOM_WM_CLASS ||
            e->atom == XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME) {
-               bar_update();
+               bar_draw();
        }
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
@@ -7772,43 +8583,54 @@ unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "unmapnotify: window: 0x%x\n", e->window);
 
-       /* determine if we need to help unmanage this window */
+       /* If we aren't managing the window, then ignore. */
        win = find_window(e->window);
-       if (win == NULL)
+       if (win == NULL || win->id != e->window)
                return;
 
-       win->mapped = 0;
        ws = win->ws;
 
-       if (getstate(e->window) == XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_NORMAL) {
+       if (getstate(e->window) != XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_ICONIC)
                set_win_state(win, XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_ICONIC);
 
-               /* If we were focused, make sure we focus on something else. */
-               if (win == ws->focus)
-                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+       if (win->mapped) {
+               /* window unmapped itself */
+               /* do unmap/unfocus/restack and unmanage */
+               win->mapped = 0;
+
+               /* If win was focused, make sure to focus on something else. */
+               if (win == ws->focus) {
+                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "unmapnotify: "
+                                   "focus_pending: 0x%x\n",
+                                   WINID(ws->focus_pending));
+                       }
 
-               unfocus_win(win);
-               unmanage_window(win);
-               stack();
+                       unfocus_win(win);
+               }
 
-               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "unmapnotify: focus_pending: 0x%x\n",
-                   WINID(ws->focus_pending));
+               unmanage_window(win);
 
-               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
-                               focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
-                               ws->focus_pending = NULL;
-                       }
-               }
+               if (ws->r)
+                       stack();
 
-               focus_flush();
-       } else if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-               if (ws->r) {
-                       focus_win(get_pointer_win(ws->r->s->root));
-                       xcb_flush(conn);
+               if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+                       if (ws->r)
+                               focus_win(get_pointer_win(ws->r->s->root));
+               } else if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+               } else if (ws->focus == NULL && ws->r) {
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                           ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                }
        }
+
+       if (getstate(e->window) == XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_NORMAL)
+               set_win_state(win, XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_ICONIC);
+
+       focus_flush();
 }
 
 #if 0
@@ -7837,6 +8659,7 @@ clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *e)
 
        if (win == NULL) {
                if (e->type == ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom) {
+                       /* Manage the window with maprequest. */
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "clientmessage: request focus on "
                            "unmanaged window.\n");
                        mre.window = e->window;
@@ -7887,7 +8710,7 @@ clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *e)
                stack();
        }
 
-       xcb_flush(conn);
+       focus_flush();
 }
 
 void
@@ -7934,7 +8757,7 @@ enable_wm(void)
        xcb_generic_error_t     *error;
 
        /* this causes an error if some other window manager is running */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                if ((sc = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
                        errx(1, "ERROR: can't get screen %d.", i);
@@ -7964,6 +8787,7 @@ new_region(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y, int w, int h)
        struct swm_region       *r, *n;
        struct workspace        *ws = NULL;
        int                     i;
+       uint32_t                wa[1];
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "new region: screen[%d]:%dx%d+%d+%d\n",
             s->idx, w, h, x, y);
@@ -7973,14 +8797,13 @@ new_region(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y, int w, int h)
        while (n) {
                r = n;
                n = TAILQ_NEXT(r, entry);
-               if (X(r) < (x + w) &&
-                   (X(r) + WIDTH(r)) > x &&
-                   Y(r) < (y + h) &&
-                   (Y(r) + HEIGHT(r)) > y) {
+               if (X(r) < (x + w) && (X(r) + WIDTH(r)) > x &&
+                   Y(r) < (y + h) && (Y(r) + HEIGHT(r)) > y) {
                        if (r->ws->r != NULL)
                                r->ws->old_r = r->ws->r;
                        r->ws->r = NULL;
                        bar_cleanup(r);
+                       xcb_destroy_window(conn, r->id);
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&s->rl, r, entry);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&s->orl, r, entry);
                }
@@ -8031,6 +8854,17 @@ new_region(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y, int w, int h)
        ws->r = r;
        outputs++;
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&s->rl, r, entry);
+
+       /* Invisible region window to detect pointer events on empty regions. */
+       r->id = xcb_generate_id(conn);
+       wa[0] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION |
+           XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT;
+
+       xcb_create_window(conn, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, r->id, r->s->root,
+           X(r), Y(r), WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), 0, XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_ONLY,
+           XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK, wa);
+
+       xcb_map_window(conn, r->id);
 }
 
 void
@@ -8041,6 +8875,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        int                                             ncrtc = 0;
 #endif /* SWM_XRR_HAS_CRTC */
        struct swm_region                               *r;
+       struct ws_win                                   *win;
        int                                             num_screens;
        xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_current_cookie_t src;
        xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_current_reply_t  *srr;
@@ -8049,10 +8884,12 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        xcb_randr_crtc_t                                *crtc;
        xcb_screen_t                                    *screen;
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "scan_xrandr: screen: %d\n", i);
+
        if ((screen = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
                errx(1, "ERROR: can't get screen %d.", i);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (i >= num_screens)
                errx(1, "scan_xrandr: invalid screen");
 
@@ -8060,6 +8897,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        while ((r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl)) != NULL) {
                r->ws->old_r = r->ws->r = NULL;
                bar_cleanup(r);
+               xcb_destroy_window(conn, r->id);
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&screens[i].rl, r, entry);
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&screens[i].orl, r, entry);
        }
@@ -8076,7 +8914,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
                        new_region(&screens[i], 0, 0,
                            screen->width_in_pixels,
                            screen->height_in_pixels);
-                       return;
+                       goto out;
                } else
                        ncrtc = srr->num_crtcs;
 
@@ -8102,12 +8940,26 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
                        free(cir);
                }
                free(srr);
-       } else
+       }
 #endif /* SWM_XRR_HAS_CRTC */
-       {
+
+       /* If detection failed, create a single region that spans the screen. */
+       if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&screens[i].rl))
                new_region(&screens[i], 0, 0, screen->width_in_pixels,
                    screen->height_in_pixels);
+
+out:
+       /* Cleanup unused previously visible workspaces. */
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].orl, entry) {
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &r->ws->winlist, entry)
+                       unmap_window(win);
+
+               /* The screen shouldn't focus on an unused region. */
+               if (screens[i].r_focus == r)
+                       screens[i].r_focus = NULL;
        }
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "scan_xrandr: done.\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -8118,7 +8970,7 @@ screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "screenchange: root: 0x%x\n", e->root);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* silly event doesn't include the screen index */
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == e->root)
@@ -8133,28 +8985,43 @@ screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *e)
        print_win_geom(e->root);
 #endif
        /* add bars to all regions */
-       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        bar_setup(r);
+       }
+
        stack();
+
+       /* Make sure a region has focus on each screen. */
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
+               if (screens[i].r_focus == NULL) {
+                       r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
+                       if (r != NULL)
+                               focus_region(r);
+               }
+       }
+
+       bar_draw();
+       focus_flush();
 }
 
 void
 grab_windows(void)
 {
-       xcb_window_t            *wins   = NULL;
+       struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
+       xcb_window_t            *wins = NULL, trans;
        int                     no;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
        uint16_t                state, manage, mapped;
 
        xcb_query_tree_cookie_t                 qtc;
        xcb_query_tree_reply_t                  *qtr;
-       xcb_get_window_attributes_cookie_t      c;
-       xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t       *r;
+       xcb_get_window_attributes_cookie_t      gac;
+       xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t       *gar;
        xcb_get_property_cookie_t               pc;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: begin\n");
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                qtc = xcb_query_tree(conn, screens[i].root);
                qtr = xcb_query_tree_reply(conn, qtc, NULL);
@@ -8164,49 +9031,77 @@ grab_windows(void)
                no = xcb_query_tree_children_length(qtr);
                /* attach windows to a region */
                /* normal windows */
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: grab top level windows.\n");
                for (j = 0; j < no; j++) {
-                       c = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
-                       r = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-                       if (!r)
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
+                               if (r->id == wins[j]) {
+                                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: "
+                                           "skip %#x; region input window.\n",
+                                           wins[j]);
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       if (r)
                                continue;
-                       if (r->override_redirect) {
-                               free(r);
+
+                       gac = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
+                       gar = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, gac, NULL);
+                       if (!gar) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
+                                   "doesn't exist.\n", wins[j]);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+
+                       if (gar->override_redirect) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
+                                   "override_redirect set.\n", wins[j]);
+                               free(gar);
                                continue;
                        }
 
                        pc = xcb_icccm_get_wm_transient_for(conn, wins[j]);
                        if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_transient_for_reply(conn, pc,
-                           &wins[j], NULL)) {
-                               free(r);
+                           &trans, NULL)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
+                                   "is transient for %#x.\n", wins[j], trans);
+                               free(gar);
                                continue;
                        }
 
                        state = getstate(wins[j]);
-                       manage = state == XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_ICONIC;
-                       mapped = r->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
+                       manage = state != XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN;
+                       mapped = gar->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
                        if (mapped || manage)
                                manage_window(wins[j], mapped);
-                       free(r);
+                       free(gar);
                }
                /* transient windows */
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: grab transient windows.\n");
                for (j = 0; j < no; j++) {
-                       c = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
-                       r = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-                       if (!r)
+                       gac = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
+                       gar = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, gac, NULL);
+                       if (!gar) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
+                                   "doesn't exist.\n", wins[j]);
                                continue;
-                       if (r->override_redirect) {
-                               free(r);
+                       }
+
+                       if (gar->override_redirect) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
+                                   "override_redirect set.\n", wins[j]);
+                               free(gar);
                                continue;
                        }
-                       free(r);
 
                        state = getstate(wins[j]);
-                       manage = state == XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_ICONIC;
-                       mapped = r->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
+                       manage = state != XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN;
+                       mapped = gar->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
                        pc = xcb_icccm_get_wm_transient_for(conn, wins[j]);
                        if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_transient_for_reply(conn, pc,
-                           &wins[j], NULL) && manage)
+                           &trans, NULL) && manage)
                                manage_window(wins[j], mapped);
+                       free(gar);
                }
                free(qtr);
        }
@@ -8221,12 +9116,10 @@ setup_screens(void)
        uint32_t                gcv[1], wa[1];
        const xcb_query_extension_reply_t *qep;
        xcb_screen_t                            *screen;
-       xcb_cursor_t                            cursor;
-       xcb_font_t                              cursor_font;
        xcb_randr_query_version_cookie_t        c;
        xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t         *r;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if ((screens = calloc(num_screens,
             sizeof(struct swm_screen))) == NULL)
                err(1, "setup_screens: calloc: failed to allocate memory for "
@@ -8247,18 +9140,14 @@ setup_screens(void)
                }
        }
 
-       cursor_font = xcb_generate_id(conn);
-       xcb_open_font(conn, cursor_font, strlen("cursor"), "cursor");
-
-       cursor = xcb_generate_id(conn);
-       xcb_create_glyph_cursor(conn, cursor, cursor_font, cursor_font,
-           XC_left_ptr, XC_left_ptr + 1, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0xffff, 0xffff);
-       wa[0] = cursor;
+       wa[0] = cursors[XC_LEFT_PTR].cid;
 
        /* map physical screens */
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_WS, "setup_screens: init screen: %d\n", i);
                screens[i].idx = i;
+               screens[i].r_focus = NULL;
+
                TAILQ_INIT(&screens[i].rl);
                TAILQ_INIT(&screens[i].orl);
                if ((screen = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
@@ -8269,6 +9158,8 @@ setup_screens(void)
                setscreencolor("red", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS);
                setscreencolor("rgb:88/88/88", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS);
                setscreencolor("rgb:00/80/80", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER);
+               setscreencolor("rgb:00/40/40", i + 1,
+                   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS);
                setscreencolor("black", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_BAR);
                setscreencolor("rgb:a0/a0/a0", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT);
 
@@ -8288,6 +9179,7 @@ setup_screens(void)
                        ws = &screens[i].ws[j];
                        ws->idx = j;
                        ws->name = NULL;
+                       ws->bar_enabled = 1;
                        ws->focus = NULL;
                        ws->focus_prev = NULL;
                        ws->focus_pending = NULL;
@@ -8310,8 +9202,6 @@ setup_screens(void)
                        xcb_randr_select_input(conn, screens[i].root,
                            XCB_RANDR_NOTIFY_MASK_SCREEN_CHANGE);
        }
-       xcb_free_cursor(conn, cursor);
-       xcb_close_font(conn, cursor_font);
 }
 
 void
@@ -8348,7 +9238,7 @@ workaround(void)
        /* work around sun jdk bugs, code from wmname */
        netwmcheck = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                root = screens[i].root;
 
@@ -8377,12 +9267,13 @@ shutdown_cleanup(void)
                err(1, "can't disable alarm");
 
        bar_extra_stop();
-       bar_extra = 1;
        unmap_all();
 
+       cursors_cleanup();
+
        teardown_ewmh();
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; ++i) {
                if (screens[i].bar_gc != 0)
                        xcb_free_gc(conn, screens[i].bar_gc);
@@ -8453,7 +9344,7 @@ event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *evt)
        EVENT(XCB_MAP_NOTIFY, mapnotify);
        EVENT(XCB_MAP_REQUEST, maprequest);
        EVENT(XCB_MAPPING_NOTIFY, mappingnotify);
-       /*EVENT(XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY, );*/
+       EVENT(XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY, motionnotify);
        /*EVENT(XCB_NO_EXPOSURE, );*/
        EVENT(XCB_PROPERTY_NOTIFY, propertynotify);
        /*EVENT(XCB_REPARENT_NOTIFY, );*/
@@ -8472,15 +9363,17 @@ event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *evt)
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-       struct swm_region       *r, *rr;
-       struct ws_win           *winfocus = NULL;
+       struct swm_region       *r;
        char                    conf[PATH_MAX], *cfile = NULL;
        struct stat             sb;
-       int                     xfd, i, num_screens;
+       int                     xfd, i, num_screens, startup = 1;
        struct sigaction        sact;
        xcb_generic_event_t     *evt;
        struct timeval          tv;
        fd_set                  rd;
+       int                     rd_max;
+       int                     stdin_ready = 0;
+       int                     num_readable;
 
        /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
        (void)argc;
@@ -8536,6 +9429,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
        if (enable_wm() != 0)
                errx(1, "another window manager is currently running");
 
+       /* Load Xcursors and/or cursorfont glyph cursors. */
+       cursors_load();
+
        xcb_aux_sync(conn);
 
        setup_globals();
@@ -8584,6 +9480,8 @@ noconfig:
        if (cfile)
                conf_load(cfile, SWM_CONF_DEFAULT);
 
+       validate_spawns();
+
        setup_ewmh();
        /* set some values to work around bad programs */
        workaround();
@@ -8594,20 +9492,20 @@ noconfig:
                setenv("SWM_STARTED", "YES", 1);
 
        /* setup all bars */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
-               TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
-                       if (winfocus == NULL)
-                               winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->ws->winlist);
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        bar_setup(r);
-               }
 
        grabkeys();
        stack();
+       bar_draw();
 
        xcb_ungrab_server(conn);
        xcb_flush(conn);
 
+       rd_max = xfd > STDIN_FILENO ? xfd : STDIN_FILENO;
+
        while (running) {
                while ((evt = xcb_poll_for_event(conn))) {
                        if (!running)
@@ -8616,39 +9514,51 @@ noconfig:
                        free(evt);
                }
 
-               /* if we are being restarted go focus on first window */
-               if (winfocus) {
-                       rr = winfocus->ws->r;
-                       if (rr == NULL) {
-                               /* not a visible window */
-                               winfocus = NULL;
+               /* If just (re)started, set default focus if needed. */
+               if (startup) {
+                       startup = 0;
+
+                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+                               r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[0].rl);
+                               if (r) {
+                                       focus_region(r);
+                                       focus_flush();
+                               }
                                continue;
                        }
-
-                       focus_win(get_region_focus(rr));
-                       focus_flush();
-                       winfocus = NULL;
-                       continue;
                }
 
                FD_ZERO(&rd);
+
+               if (bar_extra)
+                       FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd);
+
                FD_SET(xfd, &rd);
                tv.tv_sec = 1;
                tv.tv_usec = 0;
-               if (select(xfd + 1, &rd, NULL, NULL, &tv) == -1)
-                       if (errno != EINTR) {
-                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "select failed");
-                       }
+               num_readable = select(rd_max + 1, &rd, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+               if (num_readable == -1 && errno != EINTR) {
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "select failed");
+               } else if (num_readable > 0 && FD_ISSET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd)) {
+                       stdin_ready = 1;
+               }
+
                if (restart_wm)
                        restart(NULL, NULL);
+
                if (search_resp)
                        search_do_resp();
+
                if (!running)
                        goto done;
-               if (bar_alarm) {
-                       bar_alarm = 0;
-                       bar_update();
+
+               if (stdin_ready) {
+                       stdin_ready = 0;
+                       bar_extra_update();
                }
+
+               bar_draw();
+               xcb_flush(conn);
        }
 done:
        shutdown_cleanup();